TY  - JOUR
AU  - Bajracharya, Rashmita
AU  - Kaaks, Rudolf
AU  - Katzke, Verena
TI  - Food Sources of Animal Protein in Relation to Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality-Causal Associations or Confounding? An Analysis of the EPIC-Heidelberg Cohort.
JO  - Nutrients
VL  - 15
IS  - 15
SN  - 2072-6643
CY  - Basel
PB  - MDPI
M1  - DKFZ-2023-01635
SP  - 3322
PY  - 2023
N1  - #EA:C020#LA:C020#
AB  - While prior prospective iso-caloric substitution studies show a robust association between higher intake of animal protein and risk of mortality, associations observed for mortality risk in relation to major food sources of animal protein have been generally more diverse. We used the EPIC-Heidelberg cohort to examine if confounding, notably, by smoking, adiposity, or alcohol intake, could cause inconsistencies in estimated mortality hazard ratios (HR) related to intake levels of different types of meat and dairy products. Higher intakes of red or processed meats, and lower intakes of milk or cheese, were observed among current heavy smokers, participants with obesity, or heavy alcohol drinkers. Adjusting for age, sex, and total energy intake, risk models showed increased all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer-related mortality with higher red or processed meat intakes (HR ranging from 1.25 [95
KW  - dairy (Other)
KW  - mortality (Other)
KW  - poultry (Other)
KW  - processed meat (Other)
KW  - red meat (Other)
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
C6  - pmid:37571259
C2  - pmc:PMC10421322
DO  - DOI:10.3390/nu15153322
UR  - https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/278401
ER  -