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000294921 1001_ $$00000-0002-0287-7979$$aMacciotta, Alessandra$$b0
000294921 245__ $$aExamining causal relationships between educational attainment and type 2 diabetes using genetic analysis: findings from the EPIC-InterAct study through Mendelian randomisation.
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000294921 520__ $$aObservational studies have shown that more educated people are at lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, robust study designs are needed to investigate the likelihood that such a relationship is causal. This study used genetic instruments for education to estimate the effect of education on T2D using the Mendelian randomisation (MR) approach.Analyses have been conducted in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-InterAct study (more than 20 000 individuals), a case-cohort study of T2D nested in the EPIC cohort. Education was measured as Years of Education and Relative Index of Inequality. Prentice-weighted Cox models were performed to estimate the association between education and T2D. One-sample MR analyses investigated whether genetic predisposition towards longer education was associated with risk of T2D and investigated potential mediators of the association.MR estimates indicated a risk reduction of about 15% for each year of longer education on the risk of developing T2D, confirming the protective role estimated by observational models (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.96). MR analyses on putative mediators showed a significant role of education on body mass index, alcohol consumption, adherence to the Mediterranean diet and smoking habits.The results supported the hypothesis that higher education is a protective factor for the risk of developing T2D. Based on its position in the causal chain, education may be antecedent of other known risk factors for T2D including unhealthy behaviours. These findings reinforce evidence obtained through observational study designs and bridge the gap between correlation and causation.
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000294921 650_7 $$2Other$$aDIABETES MELLITUS
000294921 650_7 $$2Other$$aEDUCATION
000294921 650_7 $$2Other$$aMENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS
000294921 7001_ $$aSacerdote, Carlotta$$b1
000294921 7001_ $$aGiachino, Claudia$$b2
000294921 7001_ $$aDi Girolamo, Chiara$$b3
000294921 7001_ $$aFranco, Matteo$$b4
000294921 7001_ $$avan der Schouw, Yvonne T$$b5
000294921 7001_ $$aZamora-Ros, Raul$$b6
000294921 7001_ $$aWeiderpass, Elisabete$$b7
000294921 7001_ $$aDomenighetti, Cloé$$b8
000294921 7001_ $$00000-0001-9724-5490$$aElbaz, Alexis$$b9
000294921 7001_ $$aTruong, Thérèse$$b10
000294921 7001_ $$aAgnoli, Claudia$$b11
000294921 7001_ $$aBendinelli, Benedetta$$b12
000294921 7001_ $$aPanico, Salvatore$$b13
000294921 7001_ $$00000-0001-8935-4566$$aVineis, Paolo$$b14
000294921 7001_ $$aChristakoudi, Sofia$$b15
000294921 7001_ $$aSchulze, Matthias B$$b16
000294921 7001_ $$0P:(DE-He78)fb68a9386399d72d84f7f34cfc6048b4$$aKatzke, Verena$$b17$$udkfz
000294921 7001_ $$0P:(DE-He78)0b48ce513fe49013263657450a12f870$$aBajracharya, Rashmita$$b18$$udkfz
000294921 7001_ $$aDahm, Christina C$$b19
000294921 7001_ $$aDalton, Susanne Oksbjerg$$b20
000294921 7001_ $$aColorado-Yohar, Sandra M$$b21
000294921 7001_ $$aMoreno-Iribas, Conchi$$b22
000294921 7001_ $$aEtxezarreta, Pilar Amiano$$b23
000294921 7001_ $$aSanchez, María José$$b24
000294921 7001_ $$aForouhi, Nita G$$b25
000294921 7001_ $$aWareham, Nicholas$$b26
000294921 7001_ $$00000-0001-8749-9737$$aRicceri, Fulvio$$b27
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