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@ARTICLE{Ernst:125241,
      author       = {T. M. Ernst and M. Thürling and S. Müller and F. Kahl and
                      S. Maderwald and M. Schlamann and H.-J. Boele and S. K. E.
                      Koekkoek and J. Diedrichsen and C. I. De Zeeuw and M.
                      Ladd$^*$ and D. Timmann},
      title        = {{M}odulation of 7 {T} f{MRI} {S}ignal in the {C}erebellar
                      {C}ortex and {N}uclei {D}uring {A}cquisition, {E}xtinction,
                      and {R}eacquisition of {C}onditioned {E}yeblink
                      {R}esponses.},
      journal      = {Human brain mapping},
      volume       = {38},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {1065-9471},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Liss},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2017-01396},
      pages        = {3957 - 3974},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Classical delay eyeblink conditioning is likely the most
                      commonly used paradigm to study cerebellar learning. As yet,
                      few studies have focused on extinction and savings of
                      conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). Saving effects, which
                      are reflected in a reacquisition after extinction that is
                      faster than the initial acquisition, suggest that learned
                      associations are at least partly preserved during
                      extinction. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that
                      acquisition-related plasticity is nihilated during
                      extinction in the cerebellar cortex, but retained in the
                      cerebellar nuclei, allowing for faster reacquisition.
                      Changes of 7 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
                      signals were investigated in the cerebellar cortex and
                      nuclei of young and healthy human subjects. Main effects of
                      acquisition, extinction, and reacquisition against rest were
                      calculated in conditioned stimulus-only trials. First-level
                      β values were determined for a spherical region of interest
                      (ROI) around the acquisition peak voxel in lobule VI, and
                      dentate and interposed nuclei ipsilateral to the
                      unconditioned stimulus. In the cerebellar cortex and nuclei,
                      fMRI signals were significantly lower in extinction compared
                      to acquisition and reacquisition, but not significantly
                      different between acquisition and reacquisition. These
                      findings are consistent with the theory of bidirectional
                      learning in both the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. It cannot
                      explain, however, why conditioned responses reappear almost
                      immediately in reacquisition following extinction. Although
                      the present data do not exclude that part of the initial
                      memory remains in the cerebellum in extinction, future
                      studies should also explore changes in extracerebellar
                      regions as a potential substrate of saving effects. Hum
                      Brain Mapp 38:3957-3974, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals,
                      Inc.},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Imaging and radiooncology (POF3-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28474470},
      doi          = {10.1002/hbm.23641},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/125241},
}