%0 Journal Article
%A Ros, Uris
%A Rodríguez-Vera, Wendy
%A Pedrera, Lohans
%A Valiente, Pedro A
%A Cabezas, Sheila
%A Lanio, María E
%A García-Sáez, Ana J
%A Alvarez, Carlos
%T Differences in activity of actinoporins are related with the hydrophobicity of their N-terminus.
%J Biochimie
%V 116
%@ 0300-9084
%C Paris [u.a.]
%I Elsevier
%M DKFZ-2017-03429
%P 70 - 78
%D 2015
%X Actinoporins are pore-forming toxins (PFT) produced by sea anemones with molecular mass around 20 kDa and high affinity for sphingomyelin. The most studied atinoporins are sticholysins I and II (StI/StII) from Stichodactyla helianthus, equinatoxin II (EqtII) from Actinia equina, and fragaceatoxin C (FraC) from Actinia fragacea. Their N-terminal sequences encompassing residues 1-30 seem to be the best candidates for pore formation. This segment comprises an amphipathic α-helix preceded by a more or less hydrophobic segment, depending on the toxin, of around 10 amino acid residues. Although it is clear that the N-terminal is the most variable sequence in this protein family, the role of their hydrophobic segment in not fully understood. Here we show a comparison of StI, StII, EqtII, and FraC activities with that of their respective N-terminal synthetic peptides. The hemolytic and permeabilizing activity of the peptides reproduce qualitatively the behavior of their respective parental proteins and are particularly related to the hydrophobicity of the corresponding 1-10 segment. Furthermore, the dendrogram analysis of actinoporins' N-terminal sequence allows relating differences in alignment with differences in activity among the four toxins. We have also evaluated the penetration depth of the N-terminal segment of StI and StII by using Trp-containing peptide-analogs. Our data suggest that the N-terminus of StII is more deeply buried into the hydrophobic core of the bilayer than that of StI. We hypothesize that the highest activity of StII could be ascribed to a larger hydrophobic continuum, an uninterrupted sequence of non-charged mainly hydrophobic amino acid residues, of its N-terminus promoting a highest ability to partially insert in the membrane core. Moreover, as we show for four related peptides that a higher hydrophobicity contributes to increase the activity, we reinforce the notion that this property must be taken into account to design new potent membranotropic agents.
%K Peptides (NLM Chemicals)
%F PUB:(DE-HGF)16
%9 Journal Article
%$ pmid:26134716
%R 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.06.024
%U https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/127406