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@ARTICLE{Niebuhr:130243,
      author       = {N. I. Niebuhr$^*$ and W. Johnen$^*$ and T. Güldaglar$^*$
                      and A. Runz$^*$ and G. Echner$^*$ and P. Mann$^*$ and C.
                      Möhler$^*$ and A. Pfaffenberger$^*$ and O. Jäkel$^*$ and
                      S. Greilich$^*$},
      title        = {{T}echnical {N}ote: {R}adiological properties of tissue
                      surrogates used in a multimodality deformable pelvic phantom
                      for {MR}-guided radiotherapy.},
      journal      = {Medical physics},
      volume       = {43},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0094-2405},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2017-05323},
      pages        = {908 - 916},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Phantom surrogates were developed to allow multimodal
                      [computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
                      and teletherapy] and anthropomorphic tissue simulation as
                      well as materials and methods to construct deformable organ
                      shapes and anthropomorphic bone models.Agarose gels of
                      variable concentrations and loadings were investigated to
                      simulate various soft tissue types. Oils, fats, and Vaseline
                      were investigated as surrogates for adipose tissue and bone
                      marrow. Anthropomorphic shapes of bone and organs were
                      realized using 3D-printing techniques based on segmentations
                      of patient CT-scans. All materials were characterized in
                      dual energy CT and MRI to adapt CT numbers, electron
                      density, effective atomic number, as well as T1- and
                      T2-relaxation times to patient and literature values.Soft
                      tissue simulation could be achieved with agarose gels in
                      combination with a gadolinium-based contrast agent and NaF
                      to simulate muscle, prostate, and tumor tissues. Vegetable
                      oils were shown to be a good representation for adipose
                      tissue in all modalities. Inner bone was realized using a
                      mixture of Vaseline and K2HPO4, resulting in both a fatty
                      bone marrow signal in MRI and inhomogeneous areas of low and
                      high attenuation in CT. The high attenuation of outer bone
                      was additionally adapted by applying gypsum bandages to the
                      3D-printed hollow bone case with values up to 1200 HU.
                      Deformable hollow organs were manufactured using silicone.
                      Signal loss in the MR images based on the conductivity of
                      the gels needs to be further investigated.The presented
                      surrogates and techniques allow the customized construction
                      of multimodality, anthropomorphic, and deformable phantoms
                      as exemplarily shown for a pelvic phantom, which is intended
                      to study adaptive treatment scenarios in MR-guided radiation
                      therapy.},
      cin          = {E040},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E040-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Imaging and radiooncology (POF3-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:26843251},
      doi          = {10.1118/1.4939874},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/130243},
}