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@ARTICLE{Zimmer:131024,
      author       = {P. Zimmer$^*$ and S. Binnebößel and W. Bloch and S. T.
                      Hübner and A. Schenk and H.-G. Predel and P. Wright and C.
                      Stritt and M. Oberste},
      title        = {{E}xhaustive {E}xercise {A}lters {T}hinking {T}imes in a
                      {T}ower of {L}ondon {T}ask in a {T}ime-{D}ependent
                      {M}anner.},
      journal      = {Frontiers in physiology},
      volume       = {7},
      issn         = {1664-042X},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2017-06100},
      pages        = {694},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {Purpose: In contrast to other aspects of executive
                      functions, acute exercise-induced alterations in planning
                      are poorly investigated. While only few studies report
                      improved planning performances after exercise, even less is
                      known about their time course after exhaustive exercise.
                      Methods: One hundred and nineteen healthy adults performed
                      the Tower of London (ToL) task at baseline, followed by a
                      graded exercise test (GXT). Participants were subsequently
                      randomized into one of four groups (immediately, 30, 60, and
                      90 min after the GXT) to repeat the ToL. Main outcomes of
                      the ToL were planning (number of tasks completed in the
                      minimum number of moves), solutions (correct responses
                      independent of the given number of moves) as well as
                      thinking times (time between presentation of each problem
                      and first action) for tasks with varying difficulty (four-,
                      five,- and six-move problems). Blood lactate levels were
                      analyzed as a potential mediator. Results: No effect of
                      exercise on planning could be detected. In contrast to
                      complex problem conditions, median thinking times
                      deteriorated significantly in the immediately after GXT
                      tested group in less challenging problem conditions
                      (four-move problems: p = 0.001, F = 5.933, df = 3; five-move
                      problems: p = 0.005, F = 4.548, df = 3). Decreased lactate
                      elimination rates were associated with impaired median
                      thinking times across all groups ΔMTT4-6 (p = 0.001, r =
                      -0.309), ΔMTT4 (p < 0.001, r = -0.367), and ΔMTT5 (p =
                      0.001, r = -0.290). Conclusion: These results suggest that
                      planning does not improve within 90 min after exhaustive
                      exercise. In line with previous research, revealing a
                      negative impact of exhaustive exercise on memory and
                      attention, our study extends this knowledge of
                      exercise-induced alterations in cognitive functioning as
                      thinking times as subcomponents of planning are negatively
                      affected immediately after exercise. This is further
                      associated with peripheral lactate levels.},
      cin          = {G210},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)G210-20160331},
      pnm          = {317 - Translational cancer research (POF3-317)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-317},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28127289},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC5226945},
      doi          = {10.3389/fphys.2016.00694},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/131024},
}