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@ARTICLE{Fiedler:132711,
      author       = {T. Fiedler$^*$ and M. Ladd$^*$ and A. Bitz$^*$},
      title        = {{SAR} {S}imulations $\&$ {S}afety.},
      journal      = {NeuroImage},
      volume       = {168},
      issn         = {1053-8119},
      address      = {Orlando, Fla.},
      publisher    = {Academic Press},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2018-00365},
      pages        = {33 - 58},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {At ultra-high fields, the assessment of radiofrequency (RF)
                      safety presents several new challenges compared to low-field
                      systems. Multi-channel RF transmit coils in combination with
                      parallel transmit techniques produce time-dependent and
                      spatially varying power loss densities in the tissue.
                      Further, in ultra-high-field systems, localized field
                      effects can be more pronounced due to a transition from the
                      quasi stationary to the electromagnetic field regime.
                      Consequently, local information on the RF field is required
                      for reliable RF safety assessment as well as for monitoring
                      of RF exposure during MR examinations. Numerical RF and
                      thermal simulations for realistic exposure scenarios with
                      anatomical body models are currently the only practical way
                      to obtain the requisite local information on magnetic and
                      electric field distributions as well as tissue temperature.
                      In this article, safety regulations and the fundamental
                      characteristics of RF field distributions in
                      ultra-high-field systems are reviewed. Numerical methods for
                      computation of RF fields as well as typical requirements for
                      the analysis of realistic multi-channel RF exposure
                      scenarios including anatomical body models are highlighted.
                      In recent years, computation of the local tissue temperature
                      has become of increasing interest, since a more accurate
                      safety assessment is expected because temperature is
                      directly related to tissue damage. Regarding thermal
                      simulation, bio-heat transfer models and approaches for
                      taking into account the physiological response of the human
                      body to RF exposure are discussed. In addition, suitable
                      methods are presented to validate calculated RF and thermal
                      results with measurements. Finally, the concept of
                      generalized simulation-based specific absorption rate (SAR)
                      matrix models is discussed. These models can be incorporated
                      into local SAR monitoring in multi-channel MR systems and
                      allow the design of RF pulses under constraints for local
                      SAR.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Imaging and radiooncology (POF3-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:28336426},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.035},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/132711},
}