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@ARTICLE{Collaborators:135954,
author = {N. Fullman and J. Yearwood and S. M. Abay and C. Abbafati
and F. Abd-Allah and J. Abdela and A. Abdelalim and Z. Abebe
and T. A. Abebo and V. Aboyans and H. N. Abraha and D. M. X.
Abreu and L. J. Abu-Raddad and A. A. Adane and R. A.
Adedoyin and O. Adetokunboh and T. B. Adhikari and M.
Afarideh and A. Afshin and G. Agarwal and D. Agius and A.
Agrawal and S. Agrawal and A. Ahmad Kiadaliri and M. T. E.
Aichour and M. Akibu and R. O. Akinyemi and T. F. Akinyemiju
and N. Akseer and F. H. Al Lami and F. Alahdab and Z. Al-Aly
and K. Alam and T. Alam and D. Alasfoor and M. I. Albittar
and K. A. Alene and A. Al-Eyadhy and S. D. Ali and M.
Alijanzadeh and S. M. Aljunid and A. Alkerwi and F. Alla and
P. Allebeck and C. Allen and M. A. Alomari and R. Al-Raddadi
and U. Alsharif and K. A. Altirkawi and N. Alvis-Guzman and
A. T. Amare and K. Amenu and W. Ammar and Y. A. Amoako and
N. Anber and C. L. Andrei and S. Androudi and C. A. T.
Antonio and V. E. M. Araújo and O. Aremu and J. Ärnlöv
and A. Artaman and K. K. Aryal and H. Asayesh and E. T.
Asfaw and S. W. Asgedom and R. J. Asghar and M. M. Ashebir
and N. A. Asseffa and T. M. Atey and S. R. Atre and M. S.
Atteraya and L. Avila-Burgos and E. F. G. A. Avokpaho and A.
Awasthi and B. P. Ayala Quintanilla and A. A. Ayalew and H.
T. Ayele and R. Ayer and T. B. Ayuk and P. Azzopardi and N.
Azzopardi-Muscat and T. K. Babalola and H. Badali and A.
Badawi and M. Banach and A. Banerjee and A. Banstola and R.
M. Barber and M. A. Barboza and S. L. Barker-Collo and T.
Bärnighausen and S. Barquera and L. H. Barrero and Q.
Bassat and S. Basu and B. T. Baune and S. Bazargan-Hejazi
and N. Bedi and E. Beghi and M. Behzadifar and M. Behzadifar
and B. B. Bekele and A. B. Belachew and S. A. Belay and Y.
A. Belay and M. L. Bell and A. K. Bello and D. A. Bennett
and J. R. Bennett and I. M. Bensenor and D. F. Berhe and E.
Bernabé and R. S. Bernstein and M. Beuran and A. Bhalla and
P. Bhatt and S. Bhaumik and Z. A. Bhutta and B. Biadgo and
A. Bijani and B. Bikbov and C. Birungi and S. Biryukov and
H. Bizuneh and I. W. Bolliger and K. Bolt and I. R. Bou-Orm
and K. Bozorgmehr and O. J. Brady and A. Brazinova and N. J.
K. Breitborde and H. Brenner$^*$ and G. Britton and T. S.
Brugha and Z. A. Butt and L. Cahuana-Hurtado and I. R.
Campos-Nonato and J. C. Campuzano and J. Car and M. Car and
R. Cárdenas and J. J. Carrero and F. Carvalho and C. A.
Castañeda-Orjuela and J. Castillo Rivas and F.
Catalá-López and K. Cercy and J. Chalek and H.-Y. Chang
and J.-C. Chang and A. Chattopadhyay and P. Chaturvedi and
P. P. Chiang and V. H. Chisumpa and J. J. Choi and H.
Christensen and D. J. Christopher and S.-C. Chung and L. G.
Ciobanu and M. Cirillo and D. Colombara and S. Conti and C.
Cooper and L. Cornaby and P. A. Cortesi and M. Cortinovis
and A. Costa Pereira and E. Cousin and M. H. Criqui and E.
A. Cromwell and C. S. Crowe and J. A. Crump and A. K. Daba
and B. A. Dachew and A. F. Dadi and L. Dandona and R.
Dandona and P. I. Dargan and A. Daryani and M. Daryani and
J. Das and S. K. Das and J. das Neves and N. Davis Weaver
and K. Davletov and B. de Courten and D. De Leo and J.-W. De
Neve and R. P. Dellavalle and G. Demoz and K. Deribe and D.
C. Des Jarlais and S. Dey and S. D. Dharmaratne and M.
Dhimal and S. Djalalinia and D. T. Doku and K. Dolan and E.
R. Dorsey and K. P. B. Dos Santos and K. E. Doyle and T. R.
Driscoll and M. Dubey and E. Dubljanin and B. B. Duncan and
M. Echko and D. Edessa and D. Edvardsson and J. R. Ehrlich
and E. Eldrenkamp and Z. Z. El-Khatib and M. Endres and A.
Y. Endries and B. Eshrati and S. Eskandarieh and A.
Esteghamati and M. Fakhar and T. Farag and M. Faramarzi and
E. J. A. Faraon and A. Faro and F. Farzadfar and A. Fatusi
and M. S. Fazeli and V. L. Feigin and A. B. Feigl and N.
Fentahun and S.-M. Fereshtehnejad and E. Fernandes and J. C.
Fernandes and D. O. Fijabi and I. Filip and F. Fischer and
C. Fitzmaurice and A. D. Flaxman and L. S. Flor and N. Foigt
and K. J. Foreman and J. J. Frostad and T. Fürst and N. D.
Futran and E. Gakidou and S. Gallus and K. Gambashidze and
A. Gamkrelidze and M. Ganji and A. K. Gebre and T. T.
Gebrehiwot and A. T. Gebremedhin and Y. A. Gelaw and J. M.
Geleijnse and D. Geremew and P. W. Gething and R. Ghadimi
and K. Ghasemi Falavarjani and M. Ghasemi-Kasman and P. S.
Gill and A. Z. Giref and M. Giroud and M. D. Gishu and G.
Giussani and W. W. Godwin and S. Goli and H. Gomez-Dantes
and P. N. Gona and A. Goodridge and S. V. Gopalani and Y.
Goryakin and A. C. Goulart and A. Grada and M. Griswold and
G. Grosso and H. C. Gugnani and Y. Guo and R. Gupta and R.
Gupta and T. Gupta and T. Gupta and V. Gupta and J. A.
Haagsma and V. Hachinski and N. Hafezi-Nejad and G. B. Hailu
and R. R. Hamadeh and S. Hamidi and G. J. Hankey and H. L.
Harb and H. C. Harewood and S. Harikrishnan and J. M. Haro
and H. Y. Hassen and R. Havmoeller and C. Hawley and S. I.
Hay and J. He and S. J. C. Hearps and M. I. Hegazy and B.
Heibati and M. Heidari and D. Hendrie and N. J. Henry and V.
H. Herrera Ballesteros and C. Herteliu and D. T. Hibstu and
M. K. Hiluf and H. W. Hoek and E. Homaie Rad and N. Horita
and H. D. Hosgood and M. Hosseini and S. R. Hosseini and M.
Hostiuc and S. Hostiuc and D. G. Hoy and M. Hsairi and A. S.
Htet and G. Hu and J. J. Huang and K. M. Iburg and F. Idris
and E. U. Igumbor and C. Ikeda and B. V. Ileanu and O. S.
Ilesanmi and K. Innos and S. S. N. Irvani and C. M. S.
Irvine and F. Islami and T. A. Jacobs and K. H. Jacobsen and
N. Jahanmehr and R. Jain and S. K. Jain and M. B.
Jakovljevic and M. T. Jalu and A. A. Jamal and M. Javanbakht
and A. U. Jayatilleke and P. Jeemon and R. P. Jha and V. Jha
and J. Jóúwiak and O. John and S. C. Johnson and J. B.
Jonas and V. Joshua and M. Jürisson and Z. Kabir and R.
Kadel and A. Kahsay and R. Kalani and C. Kar and M.
Karanikolos and A. Karch and C. K. Karema and S. M. Karimi
and A. Kasaeian and D. H. Kassa and G. M. Kassa and T. D.
Kassa and N. J. Kassebaum and S. V. Katikireddi and A. Kaul
and N. Kawakami and K. Kazanjan and S. Kebede and P. N.
Keiyoro and G. R. Kemp and A. P. Kengne and M. Kereselidze
and E. B. Ketema and Y. S. Khader and M. A. Khafaie and A.
Khajavi and I. A. Khalil and E. A. Khan and G. Khan and M.
N. Khan and M. A. Khan and M. N. Khanal and Y.-H. Khang and
M. M. Khater and A. T. A. Khoja and A. Khosravi and J.
Khubchandani and G. D. Kibret and D. N. Kiirithio and D. Kim
and Y. J. Kim and R. W. Kimokoti and Y. Kinfu and S. Kinra
and A. Kisa and N. Kissoon and S. Kochhar and Y. Kokubo and
J. A. Kopec and S. Kosen and P. A. Koul and A. Koyanagi and
M. Kravchenko and K. Krishan and K. J. Krohn and B. Kuate
Defo and G. A. Kumar and P. Kumar and M. Kutz and I. Kuzin
and H. H. Kyu and D. P. Lad and A. Lafranconi and D. K. Lal
and R. Lalloo and H. Lam and Q. Lan and J. J. Lang and V. C.
Lansingh and S. Lansky and A. Larsson and A. Latifi and J.
V. Lazarus and J. L. Leasher and P. H. Lee and Y. Legesse
and J. Leigh and C. T. Leshargie and S. Leta and J. Leung
and R. Leung and M. Levi and Y. Li and J. Liang and M. L.
Liben and L.-L. Lim and S. S. Lim and M. Lind and S. Linn
and S. Listl and P. Liu and S. Liu and R. Lodha and A. D.
Lopez and S. A. Lorch and S. Lorkowski and P. A. Lotufo and
T. C. D. Lucas and R. Lunevicius and G. Lurton and R. A.
Lyons and F. Maalouf and E. R. K. Macarayan and M. T. Mackay
and E. R. Maddison and F. Madotto and H. Magdy Abd El Razek
and M. Magdy Abd El Razek and M. Majdan and R. Majdzadeh and
A. Majeed and R. Malekzadeh and R. Malhotra and D. C. Malta
and A. A. Mamun and T. Manhertz and H. Manguerra and M. A.
Mansournia and L. G. Mantovani and T. Manyazewal and C. C.
Mapoma and C. Margono and J. Martinez-Raga and S. C. O.
Martins and F. R. Martins-Melo and I. Martopullo and W.
März and B. B. Massenburg and M. R. Mathur and P. K. Maulik
and M. Mazidi and C. McAlinden and J. J. McGrath and M.
McKee and S. Mehata and R. Mehrotra and K. M. Mehta and V.
Mehta and T. Meier and F. Mejia-Rodriguez and K. G. Meles
and M. Melku and P. Memiah and Z. A. Memish and W. Mendoza
and D. A. Mengiste and D. T. Mengistu and B. G. Menota and
G. A. Mensah and A. Meretoja and T. J. Meretoja and H. B.
Mezgebe and T. Miazgowski and R. Micha and R. Milam and A.
Millear and T. R. Miller and G. K. Mini and S. Minnig and A.
Mirica and E. M. Mirrakhimov and A. Misganaw and P. B.
Mitchell and F. W. Mlashu and B. Moazen and K. A. Mohammad
and R. Mohammadibakhsh and E. Mohammed and M. A. Mohammed
and S. Mohammed and A. H. Mokdad and G. L. Mola and M.
Molokhia and F. Momeniha and L. Monasta and J. C. Montañez
Hernandez and M. Moosazadeh and M. Moradi-Lakeh and P.
Moraga and L. Morawska and I. Moreno Velasquez and R. Mori
and S. D. Morrison and M. Moses and S. M. Mousavi and U. O.
Mueller and M. Murhekar and G. V. S. Murthy and S. Murthy
and J. Musa and K. I. Musa and G. Mustafa and S.
Muthupandian and C. Nagata and G. Nagel and M. Naghavi and
A. Naheed and G. A. Naik and N. Naik and F. Najafi and L.
Naldi and V. Nangia and J. R. N. Nansseu and K. V. Narayan
and B. R. Nascimento and I. Negoi and R. I. Negoi and C. R.
Newton and J. W. Ngunjiri and G. Nguyen and L. Nguyen and T.
H. Nguyen and E. Nichols and D. N. A. Ningrum and E. Nolte
and V. M. Nong and O. F. Norheim and B. Norrving and J. J.
N. Noubiap and A. Nyandwi and C. M. Obermeyer and R.
Ofori-Asenso and F. A. Ogbo and I.-H. Oh and O. Oladimeji
and A. T. Olagunju and T. O. Olagunju and P. R. Olivares and
P. P. V. d. Oliveira and H. E. Olsen and B. O. Olusanya and
J. O. Olusanya and K. Ong and J. N. Opio and E. Oren and D.
V. Ortega-Altamirano and A. Ortiz and R. Ozdemir and M. Pa
and A. W. Pain and M. R. T. Palone and A. Pana and S.
Panda-Jonas and J. D. Pandian and E.-K. Park and H. Parsian
and T. Patel and S. Pati and S. T. Patil and A. Patle and G.
C. Patton and V. R. Paturi and D. Paudel and M. d. M.
Pedroso and S. P. Pedroza and D. M. Pereira and N. Perico
and H. Peterson and M. Petzold and N. Peykari and M. R.
Phillips and F. B. Piel and D. M. Pigott and J. D. Pillay
and M. A. Piradov and S. Polinder and C. D. Pond and M. J.
Postma and F. Pourmalek and S. Prakash and V. Prakash and N.
Prasad and N. M. Prasad and C. Purcell and M. Qorbani and H.
K. Quintana and A. Radfar and A. Rafay and A. Rafiei and K.
Rahimi and A. Rahimi-Movaghar and V. Rahimi-Movaghar and M.
Rahman and M. A. Rahman and S. U. Rahman and R. K. Rai and
S. B. Raju and U. Ram and S. M. Rana and Z. Rankin and D.
Rasella and D. L. Rawaf and S. Rawaf and S. E. Ray and C. A.
Razo-García and P. Reddy and R. C. Reiner and C. Reis and
M. B. Reitsma and G. Remuzzi and A. M. N. Renzaho and S.
Resnikoff and S. Rezaei and M. S. Rezai and A. L. Ribeiro
and M. J. Rios Blancas and J. A. Rivera and L. Roever and L.
Ronfani and G. Roshandel and A. Rostami and G. A. Roth and
D. Rothenbacher and A. Roy and N. Roy and G. M. Ruhago and
Y. D. Sabde and P. S. Sachdev and N. Sadat and M. Safdarian
and S. Safiri and R. Sagar and A. Sahebkar and M. A.
Sahraian and H. S. Sajadi and J. Salama and P. Salamati and
R. d. F. Saldanha and H. Salimzadeh and J. A. Salomon and A.
M. Samy and J. R. Sanabria and P. K. Sancheti and M. D.
Sanchez-Niño and D. Santomauro and I. S. Santos and M. M.
Santric Milicevic and A. R. Sarker and N. Sarrafzadegan and
B. Sartorius and M. Satpathy and M. Savic and M. Sawhney and
S. Saxena and M. I. Saylan and E. Schaeffner and J.
Schmidhuber and M. I. Schmidt and I. J. C. Schneider and A.
E. Schumacher and A. E. Schutte and D. C. Schwebel and F.
Schwendicke and M. Sekerija and S. G. Sepanlou and E. E.
Servan-Mori and A. Shafieesabet and M. A. Shaikh and M.
Shakh-Nazarova and M. Shams-Beyranvand and H. Sharafi and M.
Sharif-Alhoseini and S. M. Shariful Islam and M. Sharma and
R. Sharma and J. She and A. Sheikh and M. T. Shfare and P.
Shi and C. Shields and M. Shigematsu and Y. Shinohara and R.
Shiri and R. Shirkoohi and I. Shiue and M. G. Shrime and S.
R. Shukla and S. Siabani and I. D. Sigfusdottir and D. H.
Silberberg and D. A. S. Silva and J. P. Silva and D. G. A.
Silveira and J. A. Singh and L. Singh and N. P. Singh and V.
Singh and D. N. Sinha and A. H. Sinke and M. Sisay and V.
Skirbekk and K. Sliwa and A. Smith and A. M. Soares Filho
and B. H. A. Sobaih and M. Somai and S. Soneji and M. Soofi
and R. J. D. Sorensen and J. B. Soriano and I. N. Soyiri and
L. A. Sposato and C. T. Sreeramareddy and V. Srinivasan and
J. D. Stanaway and V. Stathopoulou and N. Steel and D. J.
Stein and M. A. Stokes and L. Sturua and M. B. Sufiyan and
R. A. Suliankatchi and B. F. Sunguya and P. J. Sur and B. L.
Sykes and P. N. Sylaja and R. Tabarés-Seisdedos and S. K.
Tadakamadla and A. H. Tadesse and G. R. Taffere and N.
Tandon and A. T. Tariku and N. Taveira and A.
Tehrani-Banihashemi and G. Temam Shifa and M.-H. Temsah and
A. S. Terkawi and A. G. Tesema and D. J. Tesfaye and B.
Tessema and J. S. Thakur and N. Thomas and M. J. Thompson
and T. Tillmann and Q. G. To and R. Tobe-Gai and M. Tonelli
and R. Topor-Madry and F. Topouzis and A. Torre and M.
Tortajada and B. X. Tran and K. B. Tran and A. Tripathi and
S. P. Tripathy and C. Troeger and T. Truelsen and D. Tsoi
and L. Tudor Car and K. B. Tuem and S. Tyrovolas and U. S.
Uchendu and K. N. Ukwaja and I. Ullah and R. Updike and O.
A. Uthman and B. S. C. Uzochukwu and P. R. Valdez and J. F.
M. van Boven and S. Varughese and T. Vasankari and F. S.
Violante and S. K. Vladimirov and V. V. Vlassov and S. E.
Vollset and T. Vos and F. Wagnew and Y. Waheed and M. T.
Wallin and J. L. Walson and Y. Wang and Y.-P. Wang and M. M.
Wassie and M. R. Weaver and E. Weiderpass and R. G.
Weintraub and J. Weiss and K. G. Weldegwergs and A.
Werdecker and T. E. West and R. Westerman and R. G. White
and H. A. Whiteford and J. Widecka and A. S. Winkler and C.
S. Wiysonge and C. D. Wolfe and Y. A. Wondimkun and A.
Workicho and G. M. A. Wyper and D. Xavier and G. Xu and L.
L. Yan and Y. Yano and M. Yaseri and N. B. Yimer and P. Yin
and P. Yip and B. D. Yirsaw and N. Yonemoto and G. Yonga and
S.-J. Yoon and M. Yotebieng and M. Z. Younis and C. Yu and
V. Zadnik and Z. Zaidi and M. E. S. Zaki and S. B. Zaman and
M. Zamani and Z. M. Zenebe and M. Zhou and J. Zhu and S. R.
M. Zimsen and B. Zipkin and S. Zodpey and L. J. Zuhlke and
C. J. L. Murray and R. Lozano},
collaboration = {GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and {Quality Collaborators}},
title = {{M}easuring performance on the {H}ealthcare {A}ccess and
{Q}uality {I}ndex for 195 countries and territories and
selected subnational locations: a systematic analysis from
the {G}lobal {B}urden of {D}isease {S}tudy 2016.},
journal = {The lancet},
volume = {391},
number = {10136},
issn = {0140-6736},
address = {London [u.a.]},
publisher = {Elsevier},
reportid = {DKFZ-2018-00691},
pages = {2236 - 2271},
year = {2018},
abstract = {A key component of achieving universal health coverage is
ensuring that all populations have access to quality health
care. Examining where gains have occurred or progress has
faltered across and within countries is crucial to guiding
decisions and strategies for future improvement. We used the
Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study
2016 (GBD 2016) to assess personal health-care access and
quality with the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index
for 195 countries and territories, as well as subnational
locations in seven countries, from 1990 to 2016.Drawing from
established methods and updated estimates from GBD 2016, we
used 32 causes from which death should not occur in the
presence of effective care to approximate personal
health-care access and quality by location and over time. To
better isolate potential effects of personal health-care
access and quality from underlying risk factor patterns, we
risk-standardised cause-specific deaths due to non-cancers
by location-year, replacing the local joint exposure of
environmental and behavioural risks with the global level of
exposure. Supported by the expansion of cancer registry data
in GBD 2016, we used mortality-to-incidence ratios for
cancers instead of risk-standardised death rates to provide
a stronger signal of the effects of personal health care and
access on cancer survival. We transformed each cause to a
scale of 0-100, with 0 as the first percentile (worst)
observed between 1990 and 2016, and 100 as the 99th
percentile (best); we set these thresholds at the country
level, and then applied them to subnational locations. We
applied a principal components analysis to construct the HAQ
Index using all scaled cause values, providing an overall
score of 0-100 of personal health-care access and quality by
location over time. We then compared HAQ Index levels and
trends by quintiles on the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a
summary measure of overall development. As derived from the
broader GBD study and other data sources, we examined
relationships between national HAQ Index scores and
potential correlates of performance, such as total health
spending per capita.In 2016, HAQ Index performance spanned
from a high of 97·1 $(95\%$ UI 95·8-98·1) in Iceland,
followed by 96·6 (94·9-97·9) in Norway and 96·1
(94·5-97·3) in the Netherlands, to values as low as 18·6
(13·1-24·4) in the Central African Republic, 19·0
(14·3-23·7) in Somalia, and 23·4 (20·2-26·8) in
Guinea-Bissau. The pace of progress achieved between 1990
and 2016 varied, with markedly faster improvements occurring
between 2000 and 2016 for many countries in sub-Saharan
Africa and southeast Asia, whereas several countries in
Latin America and elsewhere saw progress stagnate after
experiencing considerable advances in the HAQ Index between
1990 and 2000. Striking subnational disparities emerged in
personal health-care access and quality, with China and
India having particularly large gaps between locations with
the highest and lowest scores in 2016. In China, performance
ranged from 91·5 (89·1-93·6) in Beijing to 48·0
(43·4-53·2) in Tibet (a 43·5-point difference), while
India saw a 30·8-point disparity, from 64·8 (59·6-68·8)
in Goa to 34·0 (30·3-38·1) in Assam. Japan recorded the
smallest range in subnational HAQ performance in 2016 (a
4·8-point difference), whereas differences between
subnational locations with the highest and lowest HAQ Index
values were more than two times as high for the USA and
three times as high for England. State-level gaps in the HAQ
Index in Mexico somewhat narrowed from 1990 to 2016 (from a
20·9-point to 17·0-point difference), whereas in Brazil,
disparities slightly increased across states during this
time (a 17·2-point to 20·4-point difference). Performance
on the HAQ Index showed strong linkages to overall
development, with high and high-middle SDI countries
generally having higher scores and faster gains for
non-communicable diseases. Nonetheless, countries across the
development spectrum saw substantial gains in some key
health service areas from 2000 to 2016, most notably
vaccine-preventable diseases. Overall, national performance
on the HAQ Index was positively associated with higher
levels of total health spending per capita, as well as
health systems inputs, but these relationships were quite
heterogeneous, particularly among low-to-middle SDI
countries.GBD 2016 provides a more detailed understanding of
past success and current challenges in improving personal
health-care access and quality worldwide. Despite
substantial gains since 2000, many low-SDI and middle-SDI
countries face considerable challenges unless heightened
policy action and investments focus on advancing access to
and quality of health care across key health services,
especially non-communicable diseases. Stagnating or minimal
improvements experienced by several low-middle to
high-middle SDI countries could reflect the complexities of
re-orienting both primary and secondary health-care services
beyond the more limited foci of the Millennium Development
Goals. Alongside initiatives to strengthen public health
programmes, the pursuit of universal health coverage hinges
upon improving both access and quality worldwide, and thus
requires adopting a more comprehensive view-and subsequent
provision-of quality health care for all populations.Bill
$\&$ Melinda Gates Foundation.},
cin = {C070 / G110},
ddc = {610},
cid = {I:(DE-He78)C070-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)G110-20160331},
pnm = {313 - Cancer risk factors and prevention (POF3-313)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-313},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
pubmed = {pmid:29893224},
pmc = {pmc:PMC5986687},
doi = {10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30994-2},
url = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/135954},
}
guest ::