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@ARTICLE{Ehrlich:143029,
      author       = {F. Ehrlich and H. Fischer and L. Langbein$^*$ and S.
                      Praetzel-Wunder$^*$ and B. Ebner and K. Figlak and A.
                      Weissenbacher and W. Sipos and E. Tschachler and L. Eckhart},
      title        = {{D}ifferential {E}volution of the {E}pidermal {K}eratin
                      {C}ytoskeleton in {T}errestrial and {A}quatic {M}ammals.},
      journal      = {Molecular biology and evolution},
      volume       = {36},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1537-1719},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2019-00648},
      pages        = {328 - 340},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Keratins are the main intermediate filament proteins of
                      epithelial cells. In keratinocytes of the mammalian
                      epidermis they form a cytoskeleton that resists mechanical
                      stress and thereby are essential for the function of the
                      skin as a barrier against the environment. Here, we
                      performed a comparative genomics study of epidermal keratin
                      genes in terrestrial and fully aquatic mammals to determine
                      adaptations of the epidermal keratin cytoskeleton to
                      different environments. We show that keratins K5 and K14 of
                      the innermost (basal), proliferation-competent layer of the
                      epidermis are conserved in all mammals investigated. In
                      contrast, K1 and K10, which form the main part of the
                      cytoskeleton in the outer (suprabasal) layers of the
                      epidermis of terrestrial mammals, have been lost in whales
                      and dolphins (cetaceans) and in the manatee. Whereas in
                      terrestrial mammalian epidermis K6 and K17 are expressed
                      only upon stress-induced epidermal thickening, high levels
                      of K6 and K17 are consistently present in dolphin skin,
                      indicating constitutive expression and substitution of K1
                      and K10. K2 and K9, which are expressed in a body
                      site-restricted manner in human and mouse suprabasal
                      epidermis, have been lost not only in cetaceans and manatee
                      but also in some terrestrial mammals. The evolution of
                      alternative splicing of K10 and differentiation-dependent
                      upregulation of K23 have increased the complexity of keratin
                      expression in the epidermis of terrestrial mammals. Taken
                      together, these results reveal evolutionary diversification
                      of the epidermal cytoskeleton in mammals and suggest a
                      complete replacement of the quantitatively predominant
                      epidermal proteins of terrestrial mammals by originally
                      stress-inducible keratins in cetaceans.},
      cin          = {A110},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)A110-20160331},
      pnm          = {311 - Signalling pathways, cell and tumor biology
                      (POF3-311)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-311},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:30517738},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC6367960},
      doi          = {10.1093/molbev/msy214},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/143029},
}