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@ARTICLE{Eckstein:143074,
      author       = {M. Eckstein and A. C. Almeida de Minas$^*$ and D. Scheele
                      and A.-K. Kreuder and R. Hurlemann and V. Grinevich$^*$ and
                      B. Ditzen},
      title        = {{O}xytocin for learning calm and safety.},
      journal      = {International journal of psychophysiology},
      volume       = {136},
      issn         = {0167-8760},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2019-00693},
      pages        = {5 - 14},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {The appropriate discrimination between safe and dangerous
                      situations and the subsequent decrease of fear expression in
                      the presence of safety signals are crucial for survival and
                      mental health. Learning of safety associations is often
                      studied in terms of fear extinction, that is re-learning of
                      a previously conditioned stimulus which is now no longer
                      positively associated with danger. Numerous studies
                      investigated neurobiological processes of fear extinction
                      and provide a valid picture of the underlying neural
                      structures and endocrine processes involved. However, a
                      formerly neutral conditioned stimulus (CS) can also predict
                      the non-occurrence of an aversive, potentially dangerous,
                      unconditioned stimulus (US) from the very beginning and thus
                      can serve as a safety stimulus. This process has been termed
                      safety learning. Although safety learning has been known for
                      almost a century, there has been little research on its
                      underlying neurobiological mechanisms, in contrast to the
                      more prominent Pavlovian fear conditioning and fear
                      extinction. In this review, we propose that the well-known
                      action of the hypothalamic neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) in
                      the regulation of fear and stress responses is complementary
                      to safety learning. We summarize the literature focused on
                      OXT signaling and safety learning in animals and humans,
                      from the first studies of fear extinction and conditioned
                      inhibition of fear to the most recent findings in molecular
                      and behavioral research on initial social safety stimuli. At
                      the end, we discuss the application of OXT as a therapeutic
                      agent to psychopathologies related to deficits in safety
                      learning.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      cin          = {V078},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)V078-20160331},
      pnm          = {319H - Addenda (POF3-319H)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-319H},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29964070},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.06.004},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/143074},
}