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@ARTICLE{HollandLetz:157627,
      author       = {T. Holland-Letz$^*$ and A. Kopp-Schneider$^*$},
      title        = {{D}rawing statistical conclusions from experiments with
                      multiple quantitative measurements per subject.},
      journal      = {Radiotherapy and oncology},
      volume       = {152},
      issn         = {0167-8140},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2020-01724},
      pages        = {30-33},
      year         = {2020},
      note         = {2020 Aug 20;152:30-33#EA:C060#LA:C060#},
      abstract     = {In experiments with multiple quantitative measurements per
                      subject, for example measurements on multiple lesions per
                      patient, the additional measurements on the same patient
                      provide limited additional information. Treating these
                      measurements as independent observations will produce biased
                      estimators for standard deviations and confidence intervals,
                      and increases the risk of false positives in statistical
                      tests. The problem can be remedied in a simple way by first
                      taking the average of all observations of each specific
                      patient, and then doing all further calculations only on the
                      list of these patient means. A more sophisticated
                      statistical modeling of the experiment, for example in a
                      linear mixed model, is only required if i) there is a large
                      imbalance in the number of observations per patient or ii)
                      there is a specific interest in actually identifying the
                      various sources of variation in the experiment.},
      cin          = {C060},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C060-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Cancer risk factors and prevention (POF3-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32828840},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.radonc.2020.08.009},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/157627},
}