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@ARTICLE{Kahnert:163168,
      author       = {S. Kahnert$^*$ and P. Driezen and J. Balmford and C. N.
                      Kyriakos and S. Aleyan and S. C. Hitchman and S. Nogueira
                      and T. Demjén and E. Fernández and P. A. Katsaounou and A.
                      C. Trofor and K. Przewoźniak and W. A. Zatoński and G. T.
                      Fong and C. I. Vardavas and U. Mons$^*$ and C. I. Vardavas
                      and A. Glahn and C. N. Kyriakos and D. Nguyen and K.
                      Nikitara and C. Radu-Loghin and P. Starchenko and A.
                      Tsatsakis and C. Girvalaki and C. Igoumenaki and S.
                      Papadakis and A. Papathanasaki and M. Tzatzarakis and A. I.
                      Vardavas and N. Bécuwe and L. Deaconu and S. Goudet and C.
                      Hanley and O. Rivière and T. Demjén and J. Kiss and A. P.
                      Kovacs and E. Fernández and Y. Castellano and M. Fu and S.
                      O. Nogueira and O. Tigova and A. McNeill and K. East and S.
                      C. Hitchman and U. Mons$^*$ and S. Kahnert$^*$ and Y.
                      Tountas and P. Behrakis and F. T. Filippidis and C. Gratziou
                      and P. Katsaounou and T. Peleki and I. Petroulia and C.
                      Tzavara and A. C. Trofor and M. Eremia and L. Lotrean and F.
                      Mihaltan and G. Rohde and T. Asano and C. Cichon and A. Far
                      and C. Genton and M. Jessner and L. Hedman and C. Janson and
                      A. Lindberg and B. Maguire and S. Ravara and V. Vaccaro and
                      B. Ward and M. Willemsen and H. de Vries and K. Hummel and
                      G. E. Nagelhout and W. A. Zatoński and A. Herbeć and K.
                      Janik-Koncewicz and K. Przewoźniak and M. Zatoński and G.
                      T. Fong and T. K. Agar and P. Driezen and S. Gravely and A.
                      C. K. Quah and M. E. Thompson},
      collaboration = {E.-P. Consortium},
      title        = {{E}ffectiveness of tobacco warning labels before and after
                      implementation of the {E}uropean {T}obacco {P}roducts
                      {D}irective-findings from the longitudinal {EUREST}-{PLUS}
                      {ITC} {E}urope surveys.},
      journal      = {European journal of public health},
      volume       = {30},
      number       = {$Supplement_3$},
      issn         = {1464-360X},
      address      = {Oxford [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2020-01871},
      pages        = {iii84 - iii90},
      year         = {2020},
      note         = {#EA:M050#},
      abstract     = {Tobacco product packaging is a key part of marketing
                      efforts to make tobacco use appealing. In contrast, large,
                      prominent health warnings are intended to inform individuals
                      about the risks of smoking. In the European Union, since May
                      2016, the Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU (TPD2)
                      requires tobacco product packages to carry combined health
                      warnings consisting of a picture, a text warning and
                      information on stop smoking services, covering $65\%$ of the
                      front and back of the packages.Key measures of warning label
                      effectiveness (salience, cognitive reactions and behavioural
                      reaction) before and after implementation of the TPD2,
                      determinants of warning labels' effectiveness and country
                      differences were examined in a longitudinal sample of 6011
                      adult smokers from Germany, Greece, Hungary, Poland, Romania
                      and Spain (EUREST-PLUS Project) using longitudinal
                      Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models.In the pooled
                      sample, the warning labels' effectiveness increased
                      significantly over time in terms of salience (adjusted OR =
                      1.18; $95\%$ CI: 1.03-1.35), while cognitive and behavioural
                      reactions did not show clear increases. Generally, among
                      women, more highly educated smokers and less addicted
                      smokers, the effectiveness of warning labels tended to be
                      higher.We found an increase in salience, but no clear
                      increases for cognitive and behavioural reactions to the new
                      warning labels as required by the TPD2. While it is likely
                      that our study underestimated the impact of the new
                      pictorial warning labels, it provides evidence that health
                      messages on tobacco packaging are more salient when
                      supported by large pictures.},
      cin          = {M050},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)M050-20160331},
      pnm          = {319H - Addenda (POF3-319H)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-319H},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:32918822},
      doi          = {10.1093/eurpub/ckaa039},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/163168},
}