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@ARTICLE{Anderson:165935,
      author       = {C. L. Anderson and U. Mons$^*$ and V. Winkler},
      title        = {{G}lobal progress in tobacco control: the question of
                      policy compliance.},
      journal      = {Global health action},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1654-9880},
      address      = {Abingdon},
      publisher    = {Taylor $\&$ Francis Group},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2020-02486},
      pages        = {1844977},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {Background: Currently, about $65\%$ of the world's
                      population is covered by at least one MPOWER tobacco control
                      policy measure. The impact of such policies might rely on
                      policy compliance. Objective: This study aims to describe
                      and compare global trends in legislation and compliance of
                      the following three tobacco control policies between 2009
                      and 2019: direct advertisement, promotion and sponsorship,
                      and smoke-free environments. Method: Data from the six most
                      recent WHO Tobacco Control (2009-2019) reports were used to
                      show the development of and possible associations between
                      legislated policies and policy compliance. Data pertaining
                      to the three indicators direct advertisement, promotion and
                      sponsorship, and smoke-free environments were collected and
                      analysed per country income category, according to the
                      Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. For
                      each country, we (i) calculated the legislation describing
                      the situation according to the law as a percentage of
                      fulfilled MPOWER measurements and (ii) present the level of
                      compliance (ranging from 0 to 10) for the corresponding
                      policy. Results: Both tobacco control policy legislation and
                      compliance for direct advertising improved worldwide -
                      between 2009 and 2019 the median increased from $37.5\%$ to
                      $87.5\%$ for policy and from 5 to 8 for compliance. In
                      contrast, promotion and sponsorship restrictions hardly
                      developed since 2011 and are especially weak among low- and
                      middle-income countries. With respect to smoke-free
                      environments, global policy legislation increased steadily
                      over time while the relative compliance hardly increased. In
                      2019 data did not show significant correlations between
                      policy legislation and compliance: direct advertising
                      ρ = -0.003, p = 0.970; promotion and sponsorship
                      ρ = 0.140, p = 0.107; smoke-free environments
                      ρ = 0.158, p = 0.070. Conclusion: There is a clear need
                      to understand the barriers in achieving tobacco control
                      policy compliance and to routinely collect and incorporate
                      data on compliance in research in order to generate a more
                      reliable basis for further improvements in tobacco control.},
      cin          = {M050},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)M050-20160331},
      pnm          = {319H - Addenda (POF3-319H)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-319H},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33190609},
      doi          = {10.1080/16549716.2020.1844977},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/165935},
}