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@ARTICLE{Schmidt:166722,
      author       = {S. Schmidt$^*$ and S. Flassbeck$^*$ and S. Schmelter and E.
                      Schmeyer and M. E. Ladd$^*$ and S. Schmitter$^*$},
      title        = {{T}he impact of 4{D} flow displacement artifacts on wall
                      shear stress estimation.},
      journal      = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
      volume       = {85},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {0740-3194},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Liss},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2021-00069},
      pages        = {3154-3168},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {#EA:E020#LA:E020# / 2021 Jun;85(6):3154-3168},
      abstract     = {To investigate the amplitude and spatial distribution of
                      errors in wall shear stress (WSS) values derived from 4D
                      flow measurements caused by displacement artifacts intrinsic
                      to the 4D flow acquisition.Phase-contrast MRI velocimetry
                      was performed in a model of a stenotic aorta using two
                      different timing schemes, both of which are commonly applied
                      in vivo but differ in their resulting displacement
                      artifacts. Whereas one scheme is optimized to minimize the
                      duration of the encoding gradients (herein called FAST), the
                      other aims to specifically minimize displacement artifacts
                      by synchronizing all three spatial-encoding time points
                      (called ECHO). WSS estimates were calculated and compared to
                      unbiased WSS values obtained by a 5-hour single-point
                      imaging acquisition. In addition, MRI simulations based on
                      computational fluid dynamics data were carried out to
                      investigate the impact of gradient timings corresponding to
                      different spatial resolutions.4D flow displacement artifacts
                      were found to have an impact on the quantified WSS peak
                      values, spatial location, and overall WSS pattern. FAST
                      leads to the underestimation of local WSS values in the
                      phantom arch by up to $90\%.$ Moreover, the corresponding
                      WSS estimates depend on the image orientation. This effect
                      was avoided using ECHO, which, however, results in biased
                      WSS values within the stenosis, yielding an underestimation
                      of peak WSS by up to $17\%.$ Computational fluid
                      dynamics-based simulation results show that the bias in WSS
                      due to displacement artifacts increases with increasing
                      spatial resolution, thus counteracting the resolution
                      benefit for WSS due to reduced partial volume effects and
                      segmentation errors.4D flow displacement artifacts can
                      significantly impact the WSS estimates and depend on the
                      timing scheme as well as potentially the image orientation.
                      Whereas FAST might allow correct WSS estimation for lower
                      resolutions, ECHO is recommended especially when spatial
                      resolutions of 1 mm and smaller are used. Users need to be
                      aware of this nonnegligible effect, particularly when
                      conducting inter-site studies or studies between vendors.
                      The timing scheme should thus be explicitly mentioned in
                      publications.},
      keywords     = {4D flow MRI (Other) / displacement artifact (Other) /
                      phase-contrast MRI (Other) / wall shear stress (Other)},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:33421221},
      doi          = {10.1002/mrm.28641.},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/166722},
}