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@ARTICLE{Montassier:169733,
      author       = {E. Montassier and R. Valdés-Mas and E. Batard and N. Zmora
                      and M. Dori-Bachash and J. Suez and E. Elinav$^*$},
      title        = {{P}robiotics impact the antibiotic resistance gene
                      reservoir along the human {GI} tract in a person-specific
                      and antibiotic-dependent manner.},
      journal      = {Nature microbiology},
      volume       = {6},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {2058-5276},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2021-01538},
      pages        = {1043-1054},
      year         = {2021},
      note         = {#LA:F220# / 2021 Aug;6(8):1043-1054},
      abstract     = {Antimicrobial resistance poses a substantial threat to
                      human health. The gut microbiome is considered a reservoir
                      for potential spread of resistance genes from commensals to
                      pathogens, termed the gut resistome. The impact of
                      probiotics, commonly consumed by many in health or in
                      conjunction with the administration of antibiotics, on the
                      gut resistome is elusive. Reanalysis of gut metagenomes from
                      healthy antibiotics-naïve humans supplemented with an
                      11-probiotic-strain preparation, allowing direct assessment
                      of the gut resistome in situ along the gastrointestinal (GI)
                      tract, demonstrated that probiotics reduce the number of
                      antibiotic resistance genes exclusively in the gut of
                      colonization-permissive individuals. In mice and in a
                      separate cohort of humans, a course of antibiotics resulted
                      in expansion of the lower GI tract resistome, which was
                      mitigated by autologous faecal microbiome transplantation or
                      during spontaneous recovery. In contrast, probiotics further
                      exacerbated resistome expansion in the GI mucosa by
                      supporting the bloom of strains carrying vancomycin
                      resistance genes but not resistance genes encoded by the
                      probiotic strains. Importantly, the aforementioned effects
                      were not reflected in stool samples, highlighting the
                      importance of direct sampling to analyse the effect of
                      probiotics and antibiotics on the gut resistome. Analysing
                      antibiotic resistance gene content in additional published
                      clinical trials with probiotics further highlighted the
                      importance of person-specific metagenomics-based profiling
                      of the gut resistome using direct sampling. Collectively,
                      these findings suggest opposing person-specific and
                      antibiotic-dependent effects of probiotics on the resistome,
                      whose contribution to the spread of antimicrobial resistance
                      genes along the human GI tract merit further studies.},
      cin          = {F220},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)F220-20160331},
      pnm          = {316 - Infektionen, Entzündung und Krebs (POF4-316)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-316},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34226711},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41564-021-00920-0},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/169733},
}