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@ARTICLE{Huhn:169829,
      author       = {K. Huhn and P. Linz and F. Pemsel and B. Michalke and S.
                      Seyferth and C. Kopp and M. A. Chaudri and V. Rothhammer and
                      A. Dörfler and M. Uder and A. Nagel$^*$ and D. N. Müller
                      and A. Waschbisch and D.-H. Lee and T. Bäuerle and R. A.
                      Linker and S. Haase},
      title        = {{S}kin sodium is increased in male patients with multiple
                      sclerosis and related animal models.},
      journal      = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the
                      United States of America},
      volume       = {118},
      number       = {28},
      issn         = {1091-6490},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {National Acad. of Sciences},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2021-01573},
      pages        = {e2102549118 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Novel MRI techniques allow a noninvasive quantification of
                      tissue sodium and reveal the skin as a prominent compartment
                      of sodium storage in health and disease. Since multiple
                      sclerosis (MS) immunopathology is initiated in the periphery
                      and increased sodium concentrations induce proinflammatory
                      immune cells, the skin represents a promising compartment
                      linking high sodium concentrations and MS immunopathology.
                      We used a 7-T sodium MRI (23Na-MRI) and inductively coupled
                      plasma mass spectrometry to investigate the skin sodium
                      content in two mouse models of MS. We additionally performed
                      3-T 23Na-MRI of calf skin and muscles in 29 male
                      relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients and 29 matched
                      healthy controls. Demographic and clinical information was
                      collected from interviews, and disease activity was assessed
                      by expanded disability status scale scoring. 23Na-MRI and
                      chemical analysis demonstrated a significantly increased
                      sodium content in the skin during experimental autoimmune
                      encephalomyelitis independent of active immunization. In
                      male patients with RRMS, 23Na-MRI demonstrated a higher
                      sodium signal in the area of the skin compared to age- and
                      biological sex-matched healthy controls with higher sodium,
                      predicting future disease activity in cranial MRI. In both
                      studies, the sodium enrichment was specific to the skin, as
                      we found no alterations of sodium signals in the muscle or
                      other tissues. Our data add to the recently identified
                      importance of the skin as a storage compartment of sodium
                      and may further represent an important organ for future
                      investigations on salt as a proinflammatory agent driving
                      autoimmune neuroinflammation such as that in MS.},
      keywords     = {experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (Other) /
                      multiple sclerosis (Other) / skin (Other) / sodium magnetic
                      resonance imaging (Other)},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:34260395},
      doi          = {10.1073/pnas.2102549118},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/169829},
}