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@ARTICLE{Ulrich:178446,
      author       = {H. Ulrich and A.-K. Kock-Schoppenhauer and N. Deppenwiese
                      and R. Gött and J. Kern$^*$ and M. Lablans$^*$ and R. W.
                      Majeed and M. R. Stöhr and J. Stausberg and J. Varghese and
                      M. Dugas and J. Ingenerf},
      title        = {{U}nderstanding the {N}ature of {M}etadata: {S}ystematic
                      {R}eview.},
      journal      = {Journal of medical internet research},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1438-8871},
      address      = {Richmond, Va.},
      publisher    = {Healthcare World},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2022-00072},
      pages        = {e25440},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in
                      a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various
                      applications in different research areas, for example, data
                      identification and classification. However, a clear
                      definition of metadata is crucial for further use.
                      Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and
                      management of metadata has shown that the term 'metadata'
                      and its use is not always unambiguous.This study aimed to
                      understand the definition of metadata and the challenges
                      resulting from metadata reuse.A systematic literature search
                      was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred
                      Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)
                      guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five
                      research questions were identified to streamline the review
                      process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata
                      standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review
                      was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general
                      understanding of the terms used.The harmonization process
                      resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata
                      processing focusing on data integration. The following
                      literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with
                      different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions.
                      This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last
                      decade after applying various filtering steps to identify
                      the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be
                      answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards,
                      use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the
                      application of metadata in different research areas.Metadata
                      can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and
                      processing information, but its meaningful creation is
                      costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many
                      standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing
                      with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the
                      new schema have the potential to improve the classification
                      and generation of metadata by creating a shared
                      understanding of metadata and its context.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {data classification (Other) / data identification (Other) /
                      data integration (Other) / metadata (Other) / metadata
                      definition (Other) / systematic review (Other)},
      cin          = {E260},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E260-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35014967},
      doi          = {10.2196/25440},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/178446},
}