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@ARTICLE{Voellger:178459,
      author       = {B. Voellger and Z. Zhang and J. Benzel$^*$ and J. Wang and
                      T. Lei and C. Nimsky and J.-W. Bartsch},
      title        = {{T}argeting {A}ggressive {P}ituitary {A}denomas at the
                      {M}olecular {L}evel-{A} {R}eview.},
      journal      = {Journal of Clinical Medicine},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2077-0383},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2022-00085},
      pages        = {124},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are mostly benign endocrine tumors
                      that can be treated by resection or medication. However, up
                      to $10\%$ of PAs show an aggressive behavior with invasion
                      of adjacent tissue, rapid proliferation, or recurrence.
                      Here, we provide an overview of target structures in
                      aggressive PAs and summarize current clinical trials
                      including, but not limited to, PAs. Mainly, drug targets in
                      PAs are based on general features of tumor cells such as
                      immune checkpoints, so that programmed cell death 1 (ligand
                      1) (PD-1/PD-L1) targeting may bear potential to cure
                      aggressive PAs. In addition, epidermal growth factor
                      receptor (EGFR), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR),
                      vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), fibroblast growth
                      factor (FGF) and their downstream pathways are triggered in
                      PAs, thereby modulating tumor cell proliferation, migration
                      and/or tumor angiogenesis. Temozolomide (TMZ) can be an
                      effective treatment of aggressive PAs. Combination of TMZ
                      with 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) or with radiotherapy could
                      strengthen the therapeutic effects as compared to TMZ alone.
                      Dopamine agonists (DAs) are the first line treatment for
                      prolactinomas. Dopamine receptors are also expressed in
                      other subtypes of PAs which renders Das potentially suitable
                      to treat other subtypes of PAs. Furthermore, targeting the
                      invasive behavior of PAs could improve therapy. In this
                      regard, human matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family members
                      and estrogens receptors (ERs) are highly expressed in
                      aggressive PAs, and numerous studies demonstrated the role
                      of these proteins to modulate invasiveness of PAs. This
                      leaves a number of treatment options for aggressive PAs as
                      reviewed here.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {adjuvant treatment (Other) / hormone secretion (Other) /
                      invasiveness (Other) / molecular biology (Other) / pituitary
                      adenomas (Other) / proliferation (Other)},
      cin          = {B062},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)B062-20160331},
      pnm          = {312 - Funktionelle und strukturelle Genomforschung
                      (POF4-312)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-312},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35011868},
      doi          = {10.3390/jcm11010124},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/178459},
}