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@ARTICLE{Failing:180191,
      author       = {T. Failing and G. H. Hartmann$^*$ and F. W. Hensley and B.
                      Keil and K. Zink},
      title        = {{E}nhancement of the {EGS}nrc code $egs_chamber$ for fast
                      fluence calculations of charged particles.},
      journal      = {Zeitschrift für medizinische Physik},
      volume       = {32},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0939-3889},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier, Urban $\&$ Fischer},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2022-01163},
      pages        = {417-427},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {2022 Nov;32(4):417-427},
      abstract     = {Simulation of absorbed dose deposition in a detector is one
                      of the key tasks of Monte Carlo (MC) dosimetry methodology.
                      Recent publications (Hartmann and Zink, 2018; Hartmann and
                      Zink, 2019; Hartmann et al., 2021) have shown that knowledge
                      of the charged particle fluence differential in energy
                      contributing to absorbed dose is useful to provide enhanced
                      insight on how response depends on detector properties.
                      While some EGSnrc MC codes provide output of charged
                      particle spectra, they are often restricted in setup options
                      or limited in calculation efficiency. For detector
                      simulations, a promising approach is to upgrade the EGSnrc
                      code $egs_chamber$ which so far does not offer charged
                      particle calculations.Since the user code cavity offers
                      charged particle fluence calculation, the underlying
                      algorithm was embedded in $egs_chamber.$ The modified code
                      was tested against two EGSnrc applications and DOSXYZnrc
                      which was modified accordingly by one of the authors.
                      Furthermore, the gain in efficiency achieved by photon cross
                      section enhancement was determined quantitatively.Electron
                      and positron fluence spectra and restricted cema calculated
                      by $egs_chamber$ agreed well with the compared applications
                      thus demonstrating the feasibility of the new code.
                      Additionally, variance reduction techniques are now
                      applicable also for fluence calculations. Depending on the
                      simulation setup, considerable gains in efficiency were
                      obtained by photon cross section enhancement.The enhanced
                      $egs_chamber$ code represents a valuable tool to investigate
                      the response of detectors with respect to absorbed dose and
                      fluence distribution and the perturbation caused by the
                      detector in a reasonable computation time. By using
                      intermediate phase space scoring, $egs_chamber$ offers
                      parallel calculation of charged particle fluence spectra for
                      different detector configurations in one single run.},
      keywords     = {Charged particle fluence (Other) / EGSnrc (Other) / Monte
                      Carlo simulations (Other) / Variance reduction techniques
                      (Other)},
      cin          = {E040},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E040-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35643800},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.zemedi.2022.04.003},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/180191},
}