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@ARTICLE{Karsch:180234,
      author       = {L. Karsch and J. Pawelke and M. Brand and S. Hans and K.
                      Hideghéty and J. Jansen$^*$ and E. Lessmann and S.
                      Löck$^*$ and M. Schürer and R. Schurig and J. Seco$^*$ and
                      E. R. Szabó and E. Beyreuther},
      title        = {{B}eam pulse structure and dose rate as determinants for
                      the flash effect observed in zebrafish embryo.},
      journal      = {Radiotherapy and oncology},
      volume       = {173},
      issn         = {0167-8140},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2022-01185},
      pages        = {49-54},
      year         = {2022},
      note         = {Volume 173, August 2022, Pages 49-54},
      abstract     = {Continuing recent experiments at the research electron
                      accelerator ELBE at the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf
                      the influence of beam pulse structure on the Flash effect
                      was investigated.The proton beam pulse structure of an
                      isochronous cyclotron (UHDRiso) and a synchrocyclotron
                      (UHDRsynchro) was mimicked at ELBE by quasi-continuous
                      electron bunches at 13 MHz delivering mean dose rates of 287
                      Gy/s and 177 Gy/s and bunch dose rates of 106Gy/s and 109
                      Gy/s, respectively. For UHDRsynchro, 40 ms macro pulses at a
                      frequency of 25 Hz superimposed the bunch delivery. For
                      comparison, a maximum beam intensity (2.5 x 105 Gy/s mean
                      and ∼109 Gy/s bunch dose rate) and a reference irradiation
                      (of ∼8 Gy/min mean dose rate) were applied. Radiation
                      induced changes were assessed in zebrafish embryos over four
                      days post irradiation.Relative to the reference a
                      significant protecting Flash effect was observed for all
                      electron beam pulse regimes with less severe damage the
                      higher the mean dose rate of the electron beam. Accordingly,
                      the macro pulsing induced prolongation of treatment time at
                      UHDRsynchro regime reduces the protecting effect compared to
                      the maximum regime delivered at same bunch but higher mean
                      dose rate. The Flash effect of the UHDRiso regime was
                      confirmed at a clinical isochronous cyclotron comparing the
                      damage induced by proton beams delivered at 300 Gy/s and
                      ∼9 Gy/min.The recent findings indicate that the mean dose
                      rate or treatment time are decisive for the normal tissue
                      protecting Flash effect in zebrafish embryo.},
      keywords     = {Electron Flash effect (Other) / Mean dose rate influence
                      (Other) / Normal tissue toxicity (Other) / Proton Flash
                      effect (Other) / Pulse structure (Other) / Ultra-high dose
                      rate (Other) / Zebrafish embryo (Other)},
      cin          = {E041 / DD01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E041-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)DD01-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:35661675},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.radonc.2022.05.025},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/180234},
}