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@ARTICLE{Burg:277919,
      author       = {J. M. Burg and V. Flatten and J. Wulff and B.
                      Timmermann$^*$ and H. Vorwerk and K. Zink},
      title        = {{I}nduced luminescence in water and {PMMA} - spectral
                      analysis for irradiations with proton beams within the
                      clinical energy range.},
      journal      = {Biomedical physics $\&$ engineering express},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {2057-1976},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2023-01575},
      pages        = {057001},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {It was recently discovered that water and PMMA emit a weak
                      luminescence signal when irradiated with protons within the
                      clinically used energy range. This could offer a fast
                      approach for range measurements in water. However, a
                      complete explanation or investigation on the origin of the
                      signal has not been published. In this work, a setup for the
                      high-resolution spectral measurement of the weak
                      luminescence signal in water and PMMA was designed. The
                      measurement environment in the vicinity of a proton
                      accelerator represented a major challenge for the sensitive
                      optical measurements due to the presence of ionizing
                      scattered radiation. A high-sensitive spectrometer in
                      combination with a custom-made fiber was used to build a
                      foundation for further analysis of the luminescence signal
                      by providing accurate spectral information. For water, a
                      broad distribution in the range from 240 to 900 nm with a
                      maximum at 480 nm was obtained. A comparison of the spectra
                      with previously published work indicates that the signal
                      originates from excited states produced during the
                      radiolysis of water. In comparison, differences between the
                      water and the PMMA spectrum were observed. When examining
                      the signal in PMMA, spectral differences were found compared
                      to the measurements in water. The signal in PMMA was
                      approximately 10 times stronger, had a narrower distribution
                      and was shifted to lower wavelengths. Nevertheless, for the
                      investigated proton energies, no spectral energy dependence
                      was detected. In addition to the results for water and PMMA,
                      a further luminescence signal was measured when the silica
                      fiber used was directly irradiated with primary protons. All
                      spectra, obtained in this work, describe the signal of
                      proton-induced luminescence in water and PMMA with a high
                      resolution of 3.4 nm and thus form a basis for further
                      research, which could be a powerful tool in proton range
                      verification.},
      keywords     = {biomedical imaging (Other) / optical dosimetry (Other) /
                      particle therapy (Other) / radio-luminescence of water
                      (Other) / radioluminescence (Other)},
      cin          = {ED01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)ED01-20160331},
      pnm          = {899 - ohne Topic (POF4-899)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-899},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:37437552},
      doi          = {10.1088/2057-1976/ace6a2},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/277919},
}