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@ARTICLE{Lysakovski:283158,
      author       = {P. Lysakovski and B. Kopp and T. Tessonnier$^*$ and S.
                      Mein$^*$ and A. Ferrari and T. Haberer and J. Debus$^*$ and
                      A. Mairani$^*$},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and validation of {M}onte{R}ay, a fast
                      {M}onte {C}arlo dose engine for carbon ion beam
                      radiotherapy.},
      journal      = {Medical physics},
      volume       = {51},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {0094-2405},
      address      = {College Park, Md.},
      publisher    = {AAPM},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2023-01944},
      pages        = {1433-1449},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {#LA:E210# / 2024 Feb;51(2):1433-1449},
      abstract     = {Monte Carlo (MC) simulations are considered the
                      gold-standard for accuracy in radiotherapy dose calculation;
                      so far however, no commercial treatment planning system
                      (TPS) provides a fast MC for supporting clinical practice in
                      carbon ion therapy.To extend and validate the in-house
                      developed fast MC dose engine MonteRay for carbon ion
                      therapy, including physical and biological dose
                      calculation.MonteRay is a CPU MC dose calculation engine
                      written in C++ that is capable of simulating therapeutic
                      proton, helium and carbon ion beams. In this work,
                      development steps taken to include carbon ions in MonteRay
                      are presented. Dose distributions computed with MonteRay are
                      evaluated using a comprehensive validation dataset,
                      including various measurements (pristine Bragg peaks, spread
                      out Bragg peaks in water and behind an anthropomorphic
                      phantom) and simulations of a patient plan. The latter
                      includes both physical and biological dose comparisons.
                      Runtimes of MonteRay were evaluated against those of FLUKA
                      MC on a standard benchmark problem.Dosimetric comparisons
                      between MonteRay and measurements demonstrated good
                      agreement. In terms of pristine Bragg peaks, mean errors
                      between simulated and measured integral depth dose
                      distributions were between $-2.3\%$ and $+2.7\%.$ Comparing
                      SOBPs at 5, 12.5 and 20 cm depth, mean absolute relative
                      dose differences were $0.9\%,$ $0.7\%$ and $1.6\%$
                      respectively. Comparison against measurements behind an
                      anthropomorphic head phantom revealed mean absolute dose
                      differences of 1.2 $\%$ ± 1.1 $\%$ $1.2\\% \pm 1.1\;\\% \;$
                      with global 3\%/3 mm 3D-γ passing rates of 99.3\%,
                      comparable to those previously reached with FLUKA (98.9\%).
                      Comparisons against dose predictions computed with the
                      clinical treatment planning tool RayStation 11B for a
                      meningioma patient plan revealed excellent local 1\%/1 mm
                      3D-γ passing rates of 98\% for physical and 94\% for
                      biological dose. In terms of runtime, MonteRay achieved
                      speedups against reference FLUKA simulations ranging from
                      14× to 72×, depending on the beam's energy and the step
                      size chosen.Validations against clinical dosimetric
                      measurements in homogeneous and heterogeneous scenarios and
                      clinical TPS calculations have proven the validity of the
                      physical models implemented in MonteRay. To conclude,
                      MonteRay is viable as a fast secondary MC engine for
                      supporting clinical practice in proton, helium and carbon
                      ion radiotherapy.},
      keywords     = {carbon ions (Other) / dose calculation (Other) / fast Monte
                      Carlo (Other) / radiotherapy (Other)},
      cin          = {E210 / HD01 / E050},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E210-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331 /
                      I:(DE-He78)E050-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:37748042},
      doi          = {10.1002/mp.16754},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/283158},
}