% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Rank:284803,
      author       = {L. Rank and O. Dogan and B. Kopp and S. Mein$^*$ and G.
                      Verona-Rinati and R. Kranzer and M. Marinelli and A.
                      Mairani$^*$ and T. Tessonnier$^*$},
      title        = {{D}evelopment and benchmarking of a dose rate engine for
                      raster-scanned {FLASH} helium ions.},
      journal      = {Medical physics},
      volume       = {51},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {0094-2405},
      address      = {College Park, Md.},
      publisher    = {AAPM},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2023-02106},
      pages        = {2251-2262},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {#LA:E210# / 2024 Mar;51(3):2251-2262},
      abstract     = {Radiotherapy with charged particles at high dose and
                      ultra-high dose rate (uHDR) is a promising technique to
                      further increase the therapeutic index of patient
                      treatments. Dose rate is a key quantity to predict the
                      so-called FLASH effect at uHDR settings. However, recent
                      works introduced varying calculation models to report dose
                      rate, which is susceptible to the delivery method, scanning
                      path (in active beam delivery) and beam intensity.This work
                      introduces an analytical dose rate calculation engine for
                      raster scanned charged particle beams that is able to
                      predict dose rate from the irradiation plan and recorded
                      beam intensity. The importance of standardized dose rate
                      calculation methods is explored here.Dose is obtained with
                      an analytical pencil beam algorithm, using pre-calculated
                      databases for integrated depth dose distributions and
                      lateral penumbra. Dose rate is then calculated by combining
                      dose information with the respective particle fluence (i.e.,
                      time information) using three dose-rate-calculation models
                      (mean, instantaneous, and threshold-based). Dose rate
                      predictions for all three models are compared to uHDR helium
                      ion beam (145.7 MeV/u, range in water of approximatively
                      14.6 cm) measurements performed at the Heidelberg Ion Beam
                      Therapy Center (HIT) with a diamond-detector prototype.
                      Three scanning patterns (scanned or snake-like) and four
                      field sizes are used to investigate the dose rate
                      differences.Dose rate measurements were in good agreement
                      with in-silico generated distributions using the here
                      introduced engine. Relative differences in dose rate were
                      below $10\%$ for varying depths in water, from 2.3 to 14.8
                      cm, as well as laterally in a near Bragg peak area. In the
                      entrance channel of the helium ion beam, dose rates were
                      predicted within $7\%$ on average for varying irradiated
                      field sizes and scanning patterns. Large differences in
                      absolute dose rate values were observed for varying
                      calculation methods. For raster-scanned irradiations, the
                      deviation between mean and threshold-based dose rate at the
                      investigated point was found to increase with the field size
                      up to $63\%$ for a 10 mm × 10 mm field, while no
                      significant differences were observed for snake-like
                      scanning paths.This work introduces the first dose rate
                      calculation engine benchmarked to instantaneous dose rate,
                      enabling dose rate predictions for physical and biophysical
                      experiments. Dose rate is greatly affected by varying
                      particle fluence, scanning path, and calculation method,
                      highlighting the need for a consensus among the FLASH
                      community on how to calculate and report dose rate in the
                      future. The here introduced engine could help provide the
                      necessary details for the analysis of the sparing effect and
                      uHDR conditions.},
      keywords     = {engine (Other) / flash (Other) / helium ions (Other) /
                      radiotherapy (Other) / ultra high dose rate (Other)},
      cin          = {E210 / HD01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E210-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:37847027},
      doi          = {10.1002/mp.16793},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/284803},
}