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@ARTICLE{Gerhalter:290353,
      author       = {T. Gerhalter and F. Schilling and N. Zeitouni and P. Linz
                      and P.-Y. Baudin and D. Kannenkeril and C. Kopp and A.
                      Dahlmann and R. Schmieder and M. Uder and A. M. Nagel$^*$
                      and L. V. Gast},
      title        = {{S}odium quantification in skeletal muscle: comparison
                      between {C}artesian gradient-echo and radial ultra-short
                      echo time 23{N}a {MRI} techniques.},
      journal      = {European radiology experimental},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2509-9280},
      address      = {[Cham]},
      publisher    = {Springer International Publishing},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2024-01080},
      pages        = {61},
      year         = {2024},
      abstract     = {Clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies often use
                      Cartesian gradient-echo (GRE) sequences with ~2-ms echo
                      times (TEs) to monitor apparent total sodium concentration
                      (aTSC). We compared Cartesian GRE and ultra-short echo time
                      three-dimensional (3D) radial-readout sequences for
                      measuring skeletal muscle aTSC.We retrospectively evaluated
                      211 datasets from 112 volunteers aged 62.3 ± 12.1 years
                      (mean ± standard deviation), acquired at 3 T from the lower
                      leg. For 23Na MRI acquisitions, we used a two-dimensional
                      Cartesian GRE sequence and a density-adapted 3D radial
                      readout sequence with cuboid field-of-view (DA-3D-RAD-C). We
                      calibrated the 23Na MR signal using reference tubes either
                      with or without agarose and subsequently performed a
                      relaxation correction. Additionally, we employed a six-echo
                      1H GRE sequence and a multi-echo spin-echo sequence to
                      calculate proton density fat fraction (PDFF) and water T2.
                      Paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Cohen dz for paired
                      samples, and Spearman correlation were used.Relaxation
                      correction effectively reduced the differences in muscle
                      aTSC between the two acquisition and calibration methods
                      (DA-3D-RAD-C using NaCl/agarose references: 20.05 versus
                      19.14 mM; dz = 0.395; Cartesian GRE using NaCl/agarose
                      references: 19.50 versus 18.82 mM; dz = 0.427). Both aTSC of
                      the DA-3D-RAD-C and Cartesian GRE acquisitions showed a
                      small but significant correlation with PDFF as well as with
                      water T2.Different 23Na MRI acquisition and calibration
                      approaches affect aTSC values. Applying relaxation
                      correction is advised to minimize the impact of sequence
                      parameters on quantification, and considering additional fat
                      correction is advisable for patients with increased fat
                      fractions.This study highlights relaxation correction's role
                      in improving sodium MRI accuracy, paving the way for better
                      disease assessment and comparability of measured sodium
                      signal in patients.• Differences in MRI acquisition
                      methods hamper the comparability of sodium MRI measurements.
                      • Measured sodium values depend on used MRI sequences and
                      calibration method. • Relaxation correction during
                      postprocessing mitigates these discrepancies. • Thus,
                      relaxation correction enhances accuracy of sodium MRI,
                      aiding its clinical use.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Middle Aged / Muscle, Skeletal: diagnostic imaging
                      / Magnetic Resonance Imaging: methods / Male / Female /
                      Retrospective Studies / Sodium / Sodium Isotopes / Aged /
                      Adult / Imaging, Three-Dimensional: methods / Calibration
                      (Other) / Magnetic resonance imaging (Other) / Muscle
                      (skeletal) (Other) / Sodium (Other) / Volunteers (Other)},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38773044},
      doi          = {10.1186/s41747-024-00461-1},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/290353},
}