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@ARTICLE{MaldonadoCan:291255,
      author       = {K. Maldonado-Cañón and A. Möhl and N. Obi and S. Behrens
                      and F. Flaßkamp and P. Seibold$^*$ and J. Chang-Claude$^*$
                      and H. Becher},
      title        = {{T}he {H}ealthy {P}articipant {E}ffect: insights and
                      results from a population-based case-control study on breast
                      cancer.},
      journal      = {American journal of epidemiology},
      volume       = {194},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {0096-5294},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2024-01341},
      pages        = {1058–1064},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {Volume 194, Issue 4, April 2025, Pages 1058–1064},
      abstract     = {Agreement to participate in case-control studies has become
                      low. Healthy participant bias resulting from differential
                      response proportions in cases and controls can distort
                      results; however, the magnitude of bias is difficult to
                      assess. We investigated the effect in a large
                      population-based case-control study on breast cancer, with a
                      participation rate of $43.4\%$ and $64.1\%$ for controls and
                      cases. We performed a mortality follow-up in 2020 for 3,813
                      cases and 7,335 controls recruited between 2002-2005.
                      Standardized mortality ratios (SMR) for overall mortality
                      and selected causes of death were estimated. The mean age at
                      recruitment was 63.1 years. The overall mortality for
                      controls was 0.66 times lower $(95\%CI$ 0.62-0.69) than for
                      the reference population. For causes of death other than
                      breast cancer, SMRs were similar in cases and controls (0.70
                      and 0.64). Higher education was associated with lower SMRs
                      in both cases and controls. Options for adjusting the
                      healthy participant bias are limited if the true risk factor
                      distribution in the underlying population is unknown.
                      However, a relevant bias in this particular case-control
                      study is considered unlikely since a similar healthy
                      participant effect was observed for both controls and
                      cases.},
      keywords     = {Breast Cancer (Other) / Case-control Study (Other) /
                      Healthy Participant Effect (Other) / Standardized Mortality
                      Ratio (Other)},
      cin          = {C020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C020-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Krebsrisikofaktoren und Prävention (POF4-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:38918045},
      doi          = {10.1093/aje/kwae155},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/291255},
}