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@ARTICLE{Sha:291917,
      author       = {S. Sha$^*$ and M. Degen$^*$ and T. Vlaski$^*$ and Z.
                      Fan$^*$ and H. Brenner$^*$ and B. Schöttker$^*$},
      title        = {{T}he {S}afety {P}rofile of {V}itamin {D} {S}upplements
                      {U}sing {R}eal-{W}orld {D}ata from 445,493 {P}articipants of
                      the {UK} {B}iobank: {S}lightly {H}igher {H}ypercalcemia
                      {P}revalence but {N}either {I}ncreased {R}isks of {K}idney
                      {S}tones nor {A}therosclerosis.},
      journal      = {Nutrients},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {14},
      issn         = {2072-6643},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2024-01529},
      pages        = {2251},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {#EA:C070#LA:C070#LA:C120#},
      abstract     = {Background: Potential calcium-related adverse events of
                      vitamin D supplement use have not been addressed in
                      large-scale, real-world data so far. Methods: Leveraging
                      data from the UK Biobank, encompassing 445,493 individuals
                      aged 40-69, we examined associations of high
                      25-hydroxyvitamin (25(OH)D) levels ≥ 100 nmol/L and
                      vitamin D supplementation with hypercalcemia (serum calcium
                      > 2.6 mmol/L), kidney stones, and atherosclerosis
                      assessments (pulse wave arterial stiffness index and carotid
                      intima-medial thickness). Regression models were
                      comprehensively adjusted for 49 covariates. Results:
                      Approximately $1.5\%$ of the participants had high 25(OH)D
                      levels, $4.3\%$ regularly used vitamin D supplements, and
                      $20.4\%$ reported regular multivitamin use. At baseline, the
                      hypercalcemia prevalence was $1.6\%,$ and $1.1\%$ was
                      diagnosed with kidney stones during follow-up. High 25(OH)D
                      levels were neither associated with calcium-related adverse
                      events nor atherosclerosis assessments. Vitamin D and
                      multivitamin supplementation were associated with an
                      increased prevalence of hypercalcemia (odds ratios and
                      $95\%$ confidence intervals: 1.46 [1.32-1.62] and 1.11
                      [1.04-1.18], respectively) but were neither associated with
                      atherosclerosis nor future kidney stones. Conclusions: High
                      25(OH)D levels observable in routine care were not
                      associated with any adverse outcome. Vitamin D users have a
                      slightly higher prevalence of hypercalcemia, possibly due to
                      co-supplementation with calcium, but without a higher
                      atherosclerosis prevalence or risk of kidney stones.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Hypercalcemia: epidemiology / Hypercalcemia:
                      chemically induced / Vitamin D: analogs $\&$ derivatives /
                      Vitamin D: blood / Vitamin D: administration $\&$ dosage /
                      Middle Aged / Male / Female / Dietary Supplements: adverse
                      effects / United Kingdom: epidemiology / Kidney Calculi:
                      epidemiology / Kidney Calculi: blood / Aged /
                      Atherosclerosis: epidemiology / Atherosclerosis: etiology /
                      Adult / Prevalence / Biological Specimen Banks / Risk
                      Factors / Calcium: blood / Calcium: administration $\&$
                      dosage / UK Biobank / adverse events (Other) /
                      atherosclerosis (Other) / hypercalcemia (Other) / kidney
                      stone risk (Other) / real-world evidence (Other) / serum
                      25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Other) / vitamin D
                      supplementation (Other) / Vitamin D (NLM Chemicals) /
                      25-hydroxyvitamin D (NLM Chemicals) / Calcium (NLM
                      Chemicals)},
      cin          = {C070 / C120 / HD01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C070-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)C120-20160331 /
                      I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Krebsrisikofaktoren und Prävention (POF4-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39064694},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC11279740},
      doi          = {10.3390/nu16142251},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/291917},
}