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@ARTICLE{Niehrs:292158,
      author       = {C. Niehrs$^*$ and E. Zapparoli and H. Lee$^*$},
      title        = {'{T}hree signals - three body axes' as patterning principle
                      in bilaterians.},
      journal      = {Cells $\&$ development},
      volume       = {nn},
      issn         = {2667-2901},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2024-01646},
      pages        = {nn},
      year         = {2024},
      note         = {DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance / #EA:A050#LA:A050# / epub},
      abstract     = {In vertebrates, the three orthogonal body axes,
                      anteroposterior (AP), dorsoventral (DV) and left-right (LR)
                      are determined at gastrula and neurula stages by the
                      Spemann-Mangold organizer and its equivalents. A common
                      feature of AP and DV axis formation is that an evolutionary
                      conserved interplay between growth factors (Wnt, BMP) and
                      their extracellular antagonists (e.g. Dkk1, Chordin) creates
                      signaling gradients for axial patterning. Recent work showed
                      that LR patterning in Xenopus follows the same principle,
                      with R-spondin 2 (Rspo2) as an extracellular FGF antagonist,
                      which creates a signaling gradient that determines the LR
                      vector. That a triad of anti-FGF, anti-BMP, and anti-Wnt
                      governs LR, DV, and AP axis formation reveals a unifying
                      principle in animal development. We discuss how cross-talk
                      between these three signals confers integrated AP-DV-LR body
                      axis patterning underlying developmental robustness, size
                      scaling, and harmonious regulation. We propose that
                      Urbilateria featured three orthogonal body axes that were
                      governed by a Cartesian coordinate system of orthogonal
                      Wnt/AP, BMP/DV, and FGF/LR signaling gradients.},
      keywords     = {FGF (Other) / Rspo2 (Other) / Spemann-Mangold organizer
                      (Other) / Urbilateria (Other) / axis formation (Other)},
      cin          = {A050},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)A050-20160331},
      pnm          = {311 - Zellbiologie und Tumorbiologie (POF4-311)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-311},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39121910},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.cdev.2024.203944},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/292158},
}