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@ARTICLE{Zhao:294808,
      author       = {Z. Zhao$^*$ and M. Bhardwaj$^*$ and Z. Fan$^*$ and X.
                      Li$^*$ and P. Schrotz-King$^*$ and H. Brenner$^*$},
      title        = {{S}moking-independent {DNA} methylation markers for lung
                      cancer risk: {E}xternal validation in a large
                      population-based cohort study.},
      journal      = {Cancer science},
      volume       = {116},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1344-6428},
      address      = {Tokyo},
      publisher    = {Assoc.},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2024-02520},
      pages        = {775-782},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {#EA:C070#LA:C070#LA:C120# / 2025 Mar;116(3):775-782},
      abstract     = {Smoking-associated epigenetic changes have been linked to
                      lung cancer (LC) risk; however, the role of epigenetic
                      alterations independent of smoking is yet to be fully
                      understood. This study aimed to validate 16 previously
                      reported CpG sites that are independent of smoking yet
                      associated with LC risk within a population-based
                      prospective cohort. Using the Infinium Methylation EPIC
                      BeadChip kit or the Infinium HumanMethylation450K BeadChip
                      Assay, DNA methylation (DNAm) in whole blood was assessed in
                      four subsets (n = 736, 1027, 997, and 312) of a
                      population-based cohort from Germany. The DNAm levels of the
                      16 smoking-independent CpG sites were analyzed. Hazard
                      ratios (HRs) and their $95\%$ confidence intervals $(95\%$
                      CIs) were calculated to assess associations of DNAm at the
                      16 CpG sites with LC risk, adjusting for multiple
                      covariates, including smoking habits and a
                      smoking-associated DNAm score. Over 17 years of follow-up, a
                      total of 199 LCs were observed. Among the 16 CpGs,
                      cg02211449 showed a negative association with LC risk (HR
                      $[95\%$ CI] per SD increase, = 0.70 [0.63-0.78]), while
                      cg11385536 (1.04 [1.01-1.07]), cg09736286 (1.64
                      [1.10-2.44]), cg19907023 (1.64 [1.01-2.66]), and cg22032485
                      (1.52 [1.04-2.21]) displayed positive associations with LC
                      risk. Five of the 16 suggested smoking-independent CpGs
                      could be externally validated as predictors of LC risk.
                      Further research should address their potential contribution
                      to enhanced LC risk stratification.},
      keywords     = {DNA methylation (Other) / epigenome‐wide association
                      study (EWAS) (Other) / external validation (Other) / lung
                      cancer risk (Other)},
      cin          = {C070 / HD01 / C120},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C070-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331 /
                      I:(DE-He78)C120-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Krebsrisikofaktoren und Prävention (POF4-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:39624886},
      doi          = {10.1111/cas.16414},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/294808},
}