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@ARTICLE{Hemminki:300095,
      author       = {K. Hemminki$^*$ and F. Zitricky and K. Sundquist and J.
                      Sundquist and A. Försti$^*$ and A. Hemminki},
      title        = {{L}ung cancer risk between maternal and paternal
                      half-siblings points to main environmental causation and
                      targets for prevention.},
      journal      = {Lung cancer},
      volume       = {202},
      issn         = {0169-5002},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-00595},
      pages        = {108500},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Familial risk of lung cancer (LC) is at the level of many
                      common cancers (ca 2.0) but as cigarette smoking is the main
                      cause of LC, it has remained undefined to what extent
                      smoking contributes to the familial risk. We take advantage
                      of the natural experiment of divorce. In Sweden, it has been
                      customary that children stay with their mother after
                      divorce. We thus hypothesize that only maternal
                      half-siblings share the childhood environment to the same
                      extent than full siblings.We used Swedish nation-wide data
                      on family structures and cancers up to year 2021 to
                      determined LC risk (standardized incidence ratio, SIR with
                      $95\%$ confidence intervals) in maternal and paternal
                      half-siblings and in full siblings.Familial risk for LC in
                      maternal half-siblings was 2.21 (1.76-2.77) which was not
                      different from that of full siblings 2.23 (2.22-2.44). For
                      paternal half-siblings the risk was 1.56 (1.21-2.01). For
                      adenocarcinoma the risks were for full siblings 2.36
                      (2.23-2.51), for maternal half-siblings 2.55 (1.93-3.35) and
                      for paternal half-siblings 1.33 (0.94-1.87).The results
                      showed that familial risk for LC was equal in full siblings
                      and in maternal half-siblings; the risks for paternal
                      half-siblings were lower and for adenocarcinoma
                      significantly lower than those for full siblings. The
                      results suggest that smoking is a major contributor to
                      familial risk of LC in this setting. Smoking starts at an
                      early age and anti-smoking campaigns should target childhood
                      environment for prevention of smoking initiation.},
      keywords     = {Adenocarcinoma (Other) / Childhood environment (Other) /
                      Familial cancer (Other) / Maternal half-sibling (Other)},
      cin          = {Z999 / B062 / HD01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)Z999-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)B062-20160331 /
                      I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331},
      pnm          = {312 - Funktionelle und strukturelle Genomforschung
                      (POF4-312)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-312},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40117846},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.lungcan.2025.108500},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/300095},
}