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@ARTICLE{Verdiesen:300349,
      author       = {R. M. G. Verdiesen and M. Shokouhi and S. Burgess and S.
                      Canisius and J. Chang-Claude$^*$ and S. E. Bojesen and M. K.
                      Schmidt},
      title        = {{C}ausal effects of breast cancer risk factors across
                      hormone receptor breast cancer subtypes: {A} two-sample
                      {M}endelian randomization study.},
      journal      = {Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers $\&$ prevention},
      volume       = {34},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1055-9965},
      address      = {Philadelphia, Pa.},
      publisher    = {AACR},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-00783},
      pages        = {933-943},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {2025 Jun 3;34(6):933-943},
      abstract     = {It is unclear if established breast cancer risk factors
                      exert similar causal effects across hormone receptor breast
                      cancer subtypes. We estimated and compared causal estimates
                      of height, body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes, age at
                      menarche, age at menopause, breast density, alcohol
                      consumption, regular smoking, and physical activity across
                      these subtypes.We used a two-sample Mendelian randomization
                      approach and selected genetic instrumental variables from
                      large-scale GWAS. Publicly available summary-level BCAC data
                      (n = 247,173; 133,384 cases, 113,789 controls) for the
                      following subtypes were included: luminal A-like (45,253
                      cases); luminal B/HER2-negative-like (6,350 cases); luminal
                      B-like (6,427 cases); HER2-enriched-like (2,884 cases);
                      triple negative (8,602 cases). We employed multiple MR
                      methods to evaluate the strength of causal evidence for each
                      risk factor-subtype association.Collectively, our analyses
                      indicated that increased height and decreased BMI are
                      probable causal risk factors for all five subtypes. For the
                      other risk factors, the strength of evidence for causal
                      effects differed across subtypes. Heterogeneity in the
                      magnitude of causal effect estimates for age at menopause
                      and breast density was explained by null findings for triple
                      negative tumours. Regular smoking was the sole risk factor
                      for which there was no evidence for a causal effect on any
                      subtype.This study suggests that established breast cancer
                      risk factors differ across hormone receptor subtypes.Our
                      results are valuable for the development of primary
                      prevention strategies, improvement of breast cancer risk
                      stratification in the general population, and for the
                      identification of novel breast cancer risk factors.},
      cin          = {C020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C020-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Krebsrisikofaktoren und Prävention (POF4-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40214978},
      doi          = {10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-24-1440},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/300349},
}