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@ARTICLE{Fantin:301491,
      author       = {R. Fantin and C. Porras and A. Aparicio and J. C. Vanegas
                      and V. Loria and M. Morera and A. Abdelnour and T.
                      Waterboer$^*$ and J. A. Butt$^*$ and R. M. Pfeiffer and D.
                      R. Prevots and M. H. Gail and A. Hildesheim and R. Herrero},
      collaboration = {R. S. Group},
      othercontributors = {A. Calderón and K. Moreno and R. Wong and R. Castro and B.
                          Cortés and R. Ocampo and M. Zúñiga and K. Sun and C.
                          Barboza-Solís and M. Binder$^*$},
      title        = {{A} population-based case-control study of {COVID}-19:
                      methodological considerations on the role of testing bias.},
      journal      = {Journal of public health},
      volume       = {47},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1741-3842},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford Univ. Press},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01033},
      pages        = {e250–e261},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {Volume 47, Issue 3, September 2025, Pages e250–e261},
      abstract     = {Targeting people at risk of COVID-19 infection has been
                      critical to containing the pandemic. Using only differences
                      in cumulative incidence by sociodemographic groups can be
                      misleading, as it reflects both factors related to infection
                      risk and those related to testing for infection. The aim of
                      this analysis was to disentangle the determinants of both
                      mechanisms.We compared the demographic, socioeconomic, and
                      health characteristics of 813 PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases
                      over age 20 years with 1630 age- sex- and geography-matched
                      population-based controls, both recruited in 2020-2021 in
                      the RESPIRA study. We used antibody results and previous
                      diagnosis to detect infections in population-based
                      controls.High socioeconomic status and being older than 60
                      years old were negatively associated with seropositivity.
                      Obesity and number of people living in the household were
                      positively associated with seropositivity. Among infected
                      (seropositive) people, diagnosis by PCR was more frequent in
                      employees, and in people with asthma or hypertension, and
                      was negatively associated with the number of people living
                      in the household.Differences between PCR-confirmed cases and
                      non-infected controls reflected differences both in risk of
                      infection, and in PCR-testing in infected people. The
                      possibility of PCR-testing bias in case-control studies of
                      COVID should be considered in future research.},
      keywords     = {COVID-19 serological testing (Other) / COVID-19 testing
                      (Other) / Costa Rica (Other) / Latin America (Other) /
                      middle-income country (Other) / social determinants of
                      health (Other)},
      cin          = {D320 / D430},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)D320-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)D430-20160331},
      pnm          = {314 - Immunologie und Krebs (POF4-314)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-314},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40377264},
      doi          = {10.1093/pubmed/fdaf055},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/301491},
}