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@ARTICLE{Corral:302017,
      author       = {J. E. Corral and D. A. Norwood and C. S. Alvarez and D. H.
                      Kim and E. E. Montalvan-Sanchez and A. Rivera-Andrade and M.
                      Ramirez-Zea and K. A. McGlynn and T. Waterboer$^*$ and R. L.
                      Dominguez and D. R. Morgan},
      title        = {{H}igh {S}eroprevalence of {H}elicobacter pylori and
                      {C}ag{A}/{V}ac{A} {V}irulence {F}actors in {N}orthern
                      {C}entral {A}merica.},
      journal      = {Gastroenterology research},
      volume       = {18},
      number       = {3},
      issn         = {1918-2805},
      address      = {Quebec, Canada J5R 5Z3},
      publisher    = {[Verlag nicht ermittelbar]},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01215},
      pages        = {119 - 128},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Northern Central America is unique in the Western
                      Hemisphere, with a high incidence of gastric cancer,
                      low/middle-income country (LMIC) status, and a substantial
                      emigration to the United States. The two primary
                      Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) virulence factors related to
                      carcinogenesis are cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA) and
                      vacuolating cytotoxin A (VacA). The prevalence of these
                      factors may help delineate gastric cancer risk in the
                      region. We aimed to characterize the H. pylori
                      seroprevalence and virulence factors in two Central American
                      Countries (Honduras and Guatemala).Healthy volunteers from
                      Western Honduras and Central-Western Guatemala were
                      recruited and tested for antibodies against 13 H. pylori
                      antigens using a novel multiplex serology assay. H. pylori
                      seropositivity was defined as positivity for ≥ 4 antigens,
                      and active infection was defined as positivity for a
                      combination of 2/4 antigens: VacA, GroEl, HcpC, and HP1564,
                      based upon the literature. Multivariate logistic regression
                      models were used to estimate the odds ratios for the
                      association between H. pylori and CagA positivity.A total of
                      1,143 healthy adults were tested using the H. pylori
                      multiplex serology assay (444 in Guatemala and 699 in
                      Honduras). Mean age was 54.2 ± 14.5 years, $46.2\%$ were
                      male, $60\%$ were from rural settings, and $56\%$ lived >
                      1,000 meters above sea level. H. pylori prevalence was
                      $87\%,$ and $83\%$ with active infection. The CagA and VacA
                      seropositivity rates were $82\%$ and $75\%,$ respectively.
                      No significant differences were noted according to country,
                      age group, sex, or rural/urban location. None of the
                      socioeconomic variables were significantly associated with
                      the presence of H. pylori or CagA.A high prevalence of H.
                      pylori, CagA, and VacA is observed in Honduras and
                      Guatemala, with implications for Northern Central America
                      and immigrants from the region. Innovative and
                      resource-appropriate primary and secondary prevention
                      programs are needed.},
      keywords     = {CagA (Other) / Central America (Other) / Gastric cancer
                      (Other) / Helicobacter pylori (Other) / VacA (Other)},
      cin          = {D320},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)D320-20160331},
      pnm          = {314 - Immunologie und Krebs (POF4-314)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-314},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40503193},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12151123},
      doi          = {10.14740/gr2036},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/302017},
}