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@ARTICLE{Schneider:302160,
      author       = {F. Schneider and C. J. Bauer and I. D. Göbel and C.
                      King$^*$ and M. F. Spadea and J. Seco$^*$ and F. A. Giordano
                      and J. Fleckenstein},
      title        = {{R}apid and reversible adaptation of a clinical linear
                      accelerator for electron {FLASH} radiotherapy.},
      journal      = {Physica medica},
      volume       = {136},
      issn         = {1120-1797},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01278},
      pages        = {105032},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {The aim of this work was to establish a procedure that
                      allows the conversion of a standard clinical LINAC into a
                      'FLASH' LINAC capable of delivering ultra-high dose rates
                      above 40 Gy/s, with minimal, fully reversible modifications
                      to the device. A dosimetric characterization of the
                      resulting treatment beam is presented.A LINAC was modified
                      to emit a 10 MeV electron FLASH beam. Modifications included
                      the integration of a pulse control unit which consisted out
                      of a scintillation detector and a transistor circuit. Beam
                      parameters were optimized to maximize dose output. Beam
                      characterization measurements were performed with different
                      detectors in water: ionization chamber, diamond detector,
                      radiographic films and scintillation detector. The resulting
                      doses per pulse (DPP) and dose rates at different
                      source-surface-distances (SSD) as well as the output
                      reproducibility were determined. The beam was characterized
                      with depth dose curves and lateral profiles.Conversion of a
                      LINAC to FLASH mode was feasible in less than 30 min. Output
                      was between DPPSSD=56cm = 1.69 ± 0.02 Gy and DPPSSD=100cm =
                      0.53 ± 0.01 Gy or dose rates between 676 ± 8 Gy/s and 213
                      ± 4 Gy/s. Reproducibility of DPP was better than 0.8 $\%.$
                      FLASH depth dose curves showed a higher range (R80 = 39.8 mm
                      vs. 34.6 mm) and lateral beam profiles had a reduced
                      flatness (from 5.5 $\%$ to 12.7 $\%)$ at SSD = 56 cm.We
                      present a fully reversible conversion method requiring
                      minimal modifications to a LINAC to produce electron FLASH
                      beams. The achieved DPP and mean dose rates demonstrated
                      high reproducibility, meeting criteria for FLASH
                      applications, and markedly simplifying access to this
                      technology for broader implementation.},
      keywords     = {Dosimetry (Other) / Electron beam (Other) / FLASH (Other) /
                      LINAC (Other) / Ultra-high dose rate (Other)},
      cin          = {E041},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E041-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40554908},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2025.105032},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/302160},
}