TY  - JOUR
AU  - Borys, Damian
AU  - Gajewski, Jan
AU  - Becher, Tobias
AU  - Censor, Yair
AU  - Kopec, Renata
AU  - Rydygier, Marzena
AU  - Schiavi, Angelo
AU  - Skóra, Tomasz
AU  - Spaleniak, Anna
AU  - Wahl, Niklas
AU  - Wochnik, Agnieszka
AU  - Rucinski, Antoni
TI  - GPU-accelerated FREDopt package for simultaneous dose and LETdproton radiotherapy plan optimization via superiorization methods.
JO  - Physics in medicine and biology
VL  - 70
IS  - 15
SN  - 0031-9155
CY  - Bristol
PB  - IOP Publ.
M1  - DKFZ-2025-01292
SP  - 155011
PY  - 2025
N1  - 70(15), 155011
AB  - This study presents FREDopt, a newly developed GPU-accelerated open-source optimization software for simultaneous proton dose and dose-averaged LET (LETd) optimization in IMPT treatment planning. FREDopt was implemented entirely in Python, leveraging CuPy for GPU acceleration and incorporating fast Monte Carlo (MC) simulations from the FRED code. The treatment plan optimization workflow includes pre-optimization and optimization, the latter equipped with a novel superiorization of feasibility-seeking algorithms. Feasibility-seeking requires finding a point that satisfies prescribed constraints. Superiorization interlaces computational perturbations into iterative feasibility-seeking steps to steer them toward a superior feasible point, replacing the need for costly full-fledged constrained optimization. The method was validated on two treatment plans of patients treated in a clinical proton therapy center, with dose and LETd distributions compared before and after reoptimization. Simultaneous dose and LETd optimization using FREDopt led to a substantial reduction of LETd and (dose)×(LETd) in organs at risk (OARs) while preserving target dose conformity. Computational performance evaluation showed execution times of 14-50 minutes, depending on the algorithm and target volume size-satisfactory for clinical and research applications while enabling further development of the well-tested, documented open-source software.
KW  - feasibility seeking (Other)
KW  - linear energy transfer (LET) (Other)
KW  - proton therapy (Other)
KW  - radiation therapy (Other)
KW  - superiorization (Other)
KW  - treatment plan optimization (Other)
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
C6  - pmid:40562074
DO  - DOI:10.1088/1361-6560/ade841
UR  - https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/302266
ER  -