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@ARTICLE{Dulovic:303003,
      author       = {A. Dulovic and A. Rabsteyn$^*$ and J. Remppis and I. K. E.
                      Gentzcke and J. Mueller and N. Tuecks and M. Becker and D.
                      Junker and P. D. Kaiser and B. Traenkle and U. Rothbauer and
                      J. S. Walz$^*$ and A. Peter and S. Hörber and T.
                      Ganzenmueller and T. Iftner and M. Stich$^*$ and B.
                      Tönshoff and P. Henneke and R. Elling and K.-M. Debatin and
                      A. Janda and N. Schneiderhan-Marra and A. R. Franz and P.
                      Lang$^*$ and H. Renk},
      title        = {{L}ongitudinal analysis of humoral and cellular immunity in
                      {SARS}-{C}o{V}-2 exposed families.},
      journal      = {Scientific reports},
      volume       = {15},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2045-2322},
      address      = {[London]},
      publisher    = {Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01450},
      pages        = {26041},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Identification of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection typically
                      relies on serology, yet T-cells play a key role in the
                      adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Here, we
                      investigated in parallel the SARS-CoV-2-specific as well as
                      endemic human coronavirus-specific humoral and
                      cross-reactive cellular responses in children and adults. We
                      analyzed clinical data and blood samples from a family
                      cohort of 96 children and 144 adults at 3-4 and 11-12 months
                      after their first contact with SARS-CoV-2. Humoral response
                      was assessed by a multiplex immunoassay with high
                      sensitivity and specificity (MULTICOV-AB). Cellular
                      responses were analyzed by IFN-γ ELISPOT using four
                      different established epitope compositions (ECs) to
                      discriminate between SARS-CoV-2 specific and HCoV
                      cross-reactive T-cell responses. While the majority of
                      adults had a combined serological and T-cell response,
                      relatively more children had a T-cell response alone rather
                      than a combined response. The magnitude of the T-cell
                      response correlated with symptoms and the humoral response.
                      In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection significantly boosted the
                      endemic coronavirus-specific cellular response. Overall, our
                      data suggest discordant humoral and cellular responses,
                      reflecting either abortive infection, cellular sensitization
                      with rapid viral clearance or rapid antibody waning or a
                      combination of these phenomena. Restricting epidemiologic
                      analysis to SARS-CoV-2 serological data may underestimate
                      rates of infection with or at least exposure to SARS-CoV-2
                      in children.},
      keywords     = {Humans / COVID-19: immunology / Immunity, Humoral /
                      SARS-CoV-2: immunology / Adult / Immunity, Cellular / Male /
                      Female / Child / Longitudinal Studies / Antibodies, Viral:
                      blood / Antibodies, Viral: immunology / Middle Aged / Child,
                      Preschool / T-Lymphocytes: immunology / Adolescent / Young
                      Adult / Infant / Cross Reactions / Antibodies, Viral (NLM
                      Chemicals)},
      cin          = {TU01 / D430},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)TU01-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)D430-20160331},
      pnm          = {314 - Immunologie und Krebs (POF4-314)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-314},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40681584},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12274566},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41598-025-07739-3},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/303003},
}