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@ARTICLE{Schorling:303447,
      author       = {C. Schorling$^*$ and E. Rauth$^*$ and C. Stengl$^*$ and J.
                      Seco$^*$},
      title        = {{E}xperimental investigation of oxygen diffusion in the
                      peak and valley region of minibeam patterns during x-ray
                      irradiation.},
      journal      = {Medical physics},
      volume       = {52},
      number       = {8},
      issn         = {0094-2405},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01660},
      pages        = {e17999},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {#EA:E041#LA:E041#},
      abstract     = {Minibeam radiotherapy has demonstrated its potential to
                      reduce normal tissue toxicity while maintaining tumor
                      control. However, the underlying mechanisms behind this
                      phenomenon remain unknown. Recent theoretical studies
                      suggest a dose surrogate by diffusion of H 2 O 2 ${\rm
                      H}_2{\rm O}_2$ into the valley regions.The aim of this study
                      is to experimentally investigate oxygen depletion and
                      diffusion upon minibeam (MB) irradiation.A 3D-printed water
                      phantom with four sensors was developed to enable the
                      real-time, simultaneous measurement of oxygen concentration
                      in the peak and valley. Water with 0\%-11\% O 2 ${\rm O}_2$
                      and 0.1\%/5.0\% CO 2 ${\rm CO}_2$ was irradiated with broad
                      beam (BB) and MB characterized by peak and valley widths of
                      2 mm × $\times$ 2 mm and 0.5 mm × $\times$ 2 mm. The
                      depletion was further compared in other chemical
                      environments.The oxygen depletion rates per dose in hypoxic
                      water in the valley regions were found to be 3-7 times
                      higher compared to the peaks or BB. This observation was
                      found to be independent of oxygen concentration above 2 \%,
                      indicating oxygen depletion saturation. For MB, diffusion
                      between peaks and valleys was observed. After a certain
                      period, an equilibrium between diffusion and dose rate
                      differences was established. Glutathione and HEPES as a
                      medium increased the depletion further and distinguished MB
                      from BB.A novel way of simultaneously measuring oxygen in
                      the peak and valley of the MB dose pattern was introduced.
                      The observed oxygen depletion saturation and diffusion
                      between the peaks and valleys suggest the importance of
                      oxygen in spatially fractionated radiotherapy studies, which
                      is even greater for 5 mM glutathione compared to water.},
      keywords     = {Oxygen: metabolism / Diffusion / X-Rays / Phantoms, Imaging
                      / Water: chemistry / minibeam irradiation (Other) / oxygen
                      depletion measurements (Other) / spatial fractionation
                      (Other) / Oxygen (NLM Chemicals) / Water (NLM Chemicals)},
      cin          = {E041 / E040},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E041-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)E040-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40781834},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC12334874},
      doi          = {10.1002/mp.17999},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/303447},
}