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@ARTICLE{Rinne:303473,
      author       = {S. Rinne and B. Michels$^*$ and J. Butt$^*$ and K.
                      Syrjänen and S. Grenman and T. Waterboer$^*$ and S.
                      Syrjänen and K. Louvanto},
      title        = {{E}pstein-{B}arr virus ({EBV}) serology and its impact on
                      oral human papillomavirus ({HPV}) infection outcomes in
                      children during early childhood.},
      journal      = {Microbiology spectrum},
      volume       = {13},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {2165-0497},
      address      = {Birmingham, Ala.},
      publisher    = {ASM},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01670},
      pages        = {e0007125},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {2025 Sep 2;13(9):e0007125},
      abstract     = {Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and various human papillomaviruses
                      (HPVs) commonly infect the oral mucosa, yet the longitudinal
                      effects of these infections and their potential coinfections
                      remain poorly understood. This study investigated whether
                      early EBV infection and antibody responses influence oral
                      HPV infections in young children. We included 283 children
                      from the Finnish Family HPV cohort study, who were followed
                      for 3 years post-birth. Oral and blood samples were
                      collected at six time points (1, 2, 6, 12, 24, and 36
                      months). HPV genotyping was performed with Luminex and
                      EBV-IgG antibodies to Zebra, early antigen-diffuse (EA-D),
                      EBV nuclear antigen 1, and viral capsid antigen p18 with
                      fluorescent bead-based multiplex serology. We noticed that
                      most children $(91.4\%;$ n = 254) experienced the vanishing
                      of maternal EBV-IgG antibodies within 11.3 months, and by 36
                      months, $17\%$ (41/238) of the children had developed their
                      own EBV antibodies. Intriguingly, higher paternal education
                      levels were strongly associated with lower EBV
                      seropositivity in children at ages 2 and 3, with an odds
                      ratio(OR) range of 0.06 to 0.16 $(95\%$ confidence interval
                      range 0.005-0.91). Additionally, children with the highest
                      baseline titers of EA-D antibodies had 2.5- and threefold
                      risk for incident oral HPV infection and its clearance,
                      respectively. Our findings suggest that EBV seropositivity
                      at 3 years of age is relatively low in our Finnish data, and
                      the level of paternal education was a significant protective
                      factor against early EBV seropositivity. Moreover, the
                      observed association between high EA-D antibody titers and
                      oral HPV infection underscores the need for further research
                      into the complex interactions between EBV and
                      HPV.IMPORTANCEEpstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human
                      papillomaviruses (HPVs) are known to cause cancers in the
                      head and neck region, yet their interactions in young
                      children remain largely unexplored. EBV, associated with
                      infectious mononucleosis, and oral HPV, often asymptomatic
                      in early childhood, target similar anatomical regions but
                      are poorly studied together in this age group. Understanding
                      these interactions is crucial, as the incidence of
                      HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers has been rising over
                      recent decades, making the natural history of oral HPV
                      infections a critical research focus. While our study found
                      no significant link between EBV seropositivity and oral HPV
                      outcomes in children, evidence in adults suggests these
                      viruses may interact in cancer development. Investigating
                      this dynamic in early childhood could provide valuable
                      insights into infection patterns and inform prevention
                      strategies to reduce cancer risks later in life.},
      keywords     = {EBV serology (Other) / Epstein-Barr virus (Other) /
                      children (Other) / human papillomavirus (Other) / oral HPV
                      infection (Other)},
      cin          = {D320},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)D320-20160331},
      pnm          = {314 - Immunologie und Krebs (POF4-314)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-314},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40748074},
      doi          = {10.1128/spectrum.00071-25},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/303473},
}