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@ARTICLE{Semancik:304304,
      author       = {C. S. Semancik and R. Fantin and J. Butt$^*$ and A.
                      Abdelnour and V. Loria and C. Porras and A. Aparicio and S.
                      S. Jackson and R. Wong-McClure and R. Ocampo and M. Morera
                      and M. Zúñiga and A. Calderón and B. Cortés and R.
                      Castro and M. Binder$^*$ and T. Waterboer$^*$ and D. R.
                      Prevots and R. Herrero and A. Hildesheim},
      collaboration = {R. S. Group},
      title        = {{SARS}-{C}o{V}-2 antibody and neutralization dynamics among
                      persons with natural- and vaccine-induced exposures.},
      journal      = {PLOS ONE},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {9},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {San Francisco, California, US},
      publisher    = {PLOS},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01839},
      pages        = {e0331212 -},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Previous SARS-CoV-2 research indicates that antibody levels
                      and corresponding neutralization potential increase with
                      additional exposures (comprising vaccination or infection),
                      and that hybrid immunity resulting from combined vaccination
                      and natural infection is more robust than either alone.
                      However, it is unclear whether or how antibody levels
                      increase or eventually plateau with repeated exposures and
                      how SARS-CoV-2 exposure differs by sex or other demographic
                      factors. Research regarding the association of antibody
                      production with neutralization potential is also limited. We
                      conducted this analysis within the RESPIRA population-based
                      cohort in Costa Rica to investigate relationships between
                      antibody levels and neutralization potential at increasing
                      exposure levels. We examined immunological profiles from
                      systematically defined single-exposure groups (one vaccine
                      dose or one natural infection), double-exposure groups (two
                      vaccine doses or one vaccine dose following a natural
                      infection), and a triple-exposure group (two vaccine doses
                      following a natural infection). We used a S1-RBD-based
                      serological assay for antibody level detection and a
                      pseudovirion assay for neutralization potential
                      quantification. Using linear regression, we compared
                      antibody levels and pseudoneutralization geometric mean
                      titers between exposure groups. For single exposure groups,
                      one vaccine dose was inferior to natural infection, but a
                      second vaccine dose was superior to natural infection. For
                      double exposure groups, those who were vaccinated once after
                      infection developed higher levels of antibodies and higher
                      neutralization potential compared with those who had only
                      two vaccine doses. We note that peak antibody levels
                      following an exposure may plateau after two exposures while
                      neutralization potential continues to increase with a third
                      exposure dose. Response patterns were comparable in males
                      and females and in sensitivity analyses stratified by age,
                      vaccine type, and pandemic wave. These results provide
                      evidence that SARS-CoV-2 vaccination after COVID infection
                      provides immunological benefit and suggest neutralization
                      potential continues to increase after a second vaccine dose
                      despite plateauing of antibody levels.},
      keywords     = {Humans / Male / Female / Antibodies, Neutralizing:
                      immunology / Antibodies, Neutralizing: blood / Antibodies,
                      Viral: immunology / Antibodies, Viral: blood / COVID-19:
                      immunology / COVID-19: prevention $\&$ control / COVID-19:
                      virology / COVID-19: epidemiology / SARS-CoV-2: immunology /
                      Middle Aged / COVID-19 Vaccines: immunology / COVID-19
                      Vaccines: administration $\&$ dosage / Adult / Aged / Costa
                      Rica: epidemiology / Adolescent / Vaccination / Young Adult
                      / Neutralization Tests / Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus:
                      immunology / Antibodies, Neutralizing (NLM Chemicals) /
                      Antibodies, Viral (NLM Chemicals) / COVID-19 Vaccines (NLM
                      Chemicals) / Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus (NLM
                      Chemicals)},
      cin          = {D320 / D430},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)D320-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)D430-20160331},
      pnm          = {314 - Immunologie und Krebs (POF4-314)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-314},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40901824},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0331212},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/304304},
}