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@ARTICLE{Alemu:304973,
      author       = {S. Alemu$^*$ and U. Mons$^*$ and K. Schaller$^*$ and E.
                      Baltaci$^*$ and C. Hoe$^*$},
      title        = {{S}patial distribution of e-cigarette vending machines: a
                      case study from {G}ermany.},
      journal      = {Tobacco control},
      volume       = {nn},
      issn         = {0964-4563},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {BMJ Publ. Group},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-01964},
      pages        = {nn},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {#EA:C170#LA:C170# / epub / Short report},
      abstract     = {Germany has the highest density of cigarette vending
                      machines globally, and the recent proliferation of
                      electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vending machines raises
                      growing public health concerns, particularly regarding youth
                      exposure. However, limited data exist on their spatial
                      distribution and contextual placement. This study presents
                      the first spatial analysis of e-cigarette vending machines
                      in Germany, using the Berlin-based company 'Vape4Me' as a
                      case study.Geo-referenced data on e-cigarette vending
                      machine locations were extracted from the Vape4Me website
                      and cross-validated using Google Maps and Microsoft Bing
                      Maps. Spatial analyses-including density mapping, proximity
                      assessments and co-location analysis-were conducted using
                      ArcGIS Pro, R and OpenRouteService. Associations with
                      population size were examined through regression analysis.
                      Selected sites in Cologne and Wiesbaden were visited for
                      on-site validation.A total of 316 (Vape4Me) e-cigarette
                      vending machines were identified in Germany, with the
                      highest concentration in Berlin. Machine density was
                      significantly associated with population size, with a
                      $3.24\%$ increase per 1000 additional residents. In Berlin,
                      vending machines were frequently co-located with hospitality
                      and commercial establishments and rarely placed near outdoor
                      or public utility areas. On-site inspections revealed that
                      machines offered disposable e-cigarettes for around €10,
                      with basic age verification.The integration of e-cigarette
                      vending machines into everyday environments-combined with
                      continuous advertising and 24/7 access-normalises
                      e-cigarette use and poses challenges to tobacco control
                      efforts. Stronger regulations, including bans on the sale of
                      cigarettes and e-cigarettes via vending machines, are
                      urgently needed to protect youth from early nicotine
                      exposure.},
      keywords     = {Advertising and Promotion (Other) / Denormalization (Other)
                      / Electronic nicotine delivery devices (Other) / Public
                      policy (Other)},
      cin          = {C170 / C120 / M050},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)C170-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)C120-20160331 /
                      I:(DE-He78)M050-20160331},
      pnm          = {313 - Krebsrisikofaktoren und Prävention (POF4-313)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-313},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41015524},
      doi          = {10.1136/tc-2025-059546},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/304973},
}