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@ARTICLE{Gast:140816,
      author       = {L. V. Gast and T. Gerhalter and B. Hensel and M. Uder and
                      A. Nagel$^*$},
      title        = {{D}ouble quantum filtered 23 {N}a {MRI} with magic angle
                      excitation of human skeletal muscle in the presence of {B}0
                      and {B}1 inhomogeneities.},
      journal      = {NMR in biomedicine},
      volume       = {31},
      number       = {12},
      issn         = {0952-3480},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2018-01580},
      pages        = {e4010},
      year         = {2018},
      note         = {2018 Dec;31(12):e4010},
      abstract     = {Double quantum filtered 23 Na MRI with magic angle
                      excitation (DQF-MA) can be used to selectively detect sodium
                      ions located within anisotropic structures such as muscle
                      fibers. It might therefore be a promising tool to analyze
                      the microscopic environment of sodium ions, for example in
                      the context of osmotically neutral sodium retention.
                      However, DQF-MA imaging is challenging due to various signal
                      dependences, on both measurement parameters and external
                      influences. The aim of this work was to examine how B0 in
                      combination with B1 inhomogeneities alter the DQF-MA signal
                      intensity. We showed that, in the presence of B0
                      inhomogeneities, flip angle schemes with only one 54.7°
                      pulse can be favorable compared with the classical
                      90°-54.7°-54.7° scheme. DQF-MA images of the human lower
                      leg were acquired at B0  = 3 T with a nominal spatial
                      resolution of 12 × 12 × 36 mm3 within an acquisition
                      time of TAcq  < 10 min, and compared with spin density
                      weighted (DW), as well as triple quantum filtration (TQF) 23
                      Na images. We found mean normalized signal-to-noise ratios
                      of $TQF/DW = 13.7 ± 2.3\%$ (tibialis anterior),
                      $11.9 ± 2.3\%$ (soleus) and $11.4 ± 2.2\%$
                      (gastrocnemius medialis), as well as
                      $DQF-MA/DW = 4.7 ± 1.1\%$ (tibialis anterior),
                      $3.3 ± 0.73\%$ (soleus) and $3.4 ± 0.6\%$
                      (gastrocnemius medialis). These ratios might serve as
                      additional measures in future clinical studies of sodium
                      retention within human skeletal muscle. However, the
                      influence of B0 and B1 inhomogeneities should be considered
                      when interpreting DQF-MA images.},
      cin          = {E020},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Imaging and radiooncology (POF3-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:30290039},
      doi          = {10.1002/nbm.4010},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/140816},
}