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@ARTICLE{Liu:300229,
      author       = {X. Liu and D. Cui and P. E. Z. Larson and D. Mayer and A.
                      Korzowski$^*$ and J.-F. Nielsen and R. F. Schulte and C. Mu
                      and L. Carvajal and D. Xu and J. W. Gordon and D. B.
                      Vigneron and R. R. Flavell and Z. J. Wang},
      title        = {{O}pen-source implementation of {X}-nuclear sequences using
                      the {P}ulseq framework.},
      journal      = {Magnetic resonance in medicine},
      volume       = {94},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1522-2594},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Wiley-Liss},
      reportid     = {DKFZ-2025-00691},
      pages        = {651-664},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {2025 Aug;94(2):651-664},
      abstract     = {Create vendor-neutral modular sequences for X-nuclear
                      acquisitions and build an X-nuclear-enabled Pulseq
                      interpreter for GE (GE HealthCare, Waukesha, WI) scanners.We
                      designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral sequence to
                      support several sequence formats and a modular
                      metabolite-specific 3D balanced steady-state free precession
                      sequence for hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 (13C) MRI. In
                      addition, we developed a new Pulseq interpreter for GE
                      scanners, named TOPPE MNS (TOPPE Multi-Nuclear
                      Spectroscopy), to implement X-nuclear acquisitions
                      capabilities. We evaluated TOPPE MNS and the modular
                      sequences through phantom studies using phosphorus-31 (31P),
                      hydrogen-2 (2H), and 13C coils, and in vivo studies
                      including a human brain deuterium metabolic imaging study at
                      natural abundance, HP 13C animal studies, and human renal
                      studies.Data from the 13C phantom showed the accuracy of
                      designed modular sequences and consistent performance with
                      the product sequences. 31P, 2H, and 13C phantom studies and
                      a multi-vendor/multi-version 13C phantom study showed
                      accurate excitation and spatial encoding functionalities. A
                      2H-MRS brain volunteer study, HP [1-13C]pyruvate animal
                      study, and human renal study showed good image quality with
                      SNR comparable to those reported in the published
                      literature. These results demonstrated the reproducibility
                      of the TOPPE MNS GE interpreter and modular spiral
                      sequences.We have designed a modular 2D gradient echo spiral
                      sequence supporting several sequence formats and a modular
                      metabolic-specific 3D balanced steady-state free precession
                      sequence for 13C acquisition, as well as developed a GE
                      interpreter with X-nucleus capabilities. Our work paves the
                      way for future multi-site studies with acquisitions for
                      X-nuclei across MRI vendors and software versions.},
      keywords     = {X‐nuclear MRI (Other) / multi‐vendor MRI (Other) / open
                      source (Other) / pulse sequence programming (Other) /
                      vendor‐neutral (Other)},
      cin          = {E020 / HD01},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-He78)E020-20160331 / I:(DE-He78)HD01-20160331},
      pnm          = {315 - Bildgebung und Radioonkologie (POF4-315)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-315},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:40173321},
      doi          = {10.1002/mrm.30509},
      url          = {https://inrepo02.dkfz.de/record/300229},
}