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| Home > Publications database > Detection of Gd 3+ via HyperCEST NMR in a competition assay using cryptophane-A monoacid |
| Journal Article | DKFZ-2026-02141 |
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2026
RSC Publishing
London
Abstract: Gadolinium (Gd) is utilized in a wide range of scientific, industrial, and medical applications. Lately, concerns have been raised regarding the occurrence of Gd3+ in aquatic ecosystems due to its widespread use. Furthermore, the accumulation of Gd in biological tissues, albeit at trace levels, has prompted increased research into the potential health risks associated with this heavy metal ion. Considering these concerns, innovative detection methods are needed, which motivates the development for tools that detect Gd3+ in liquid samples after breakdown from anthropomorphic sources. The precise quantification of Gd at low concentrations could assist environmental monitoring. Here, we present a novel approach using Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer with hyperpolarized 129Xe (HyperCEST) that exploits the unique properties of the molecular host cryptophane-A monoacid (CrA-ma) for the detection of Gd3+ through competition with reversibly bound Xe. A comprehensive analysis of the CEST response has shown that a 30% reduction in the HyperCEST response can already be observed at a Gd3+ concentration of 2 μM in solution, whereas this concentration is below the detection limit in conventional proton relaxation measurements. Since the exchange rate constant (derived from analyzing the width of the CEST response) of the reversibly bound 129Xe remains practically unaffected, it is concluded that the presence of free Gd3+ causes a reduction in accessible xenon host molecules. The results provide initial insights into the influence of Gd3+ ions on Xe binding in CrA-ma and illustrate potential applications in the sensitive detection of Gd.
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