Journal Article

DKFZ-2026-01863

http://join2-wiki.gsi.de/foswiki/pub/Main/Artwork/join2_logo100x88.png Cell-to-cell variability and gain of methylation at polycomb CpG islands as a hallmark of aging.

Masika, H. ; Ruppo, S. ; Clark, S. J. ; Bonder, M. J.DKFZ* ; von Meyenn, F. ; Hecht, M. ; Orlanski, S. ; Katsman, E. ; Vardi-Yaakov, O. ; Zlotogorski, A. ; Fachler-Sharp, T. ; Elgavish, S. ; Dor, Y. ; Reik, W. ; Kaplan, T. ; Cedar, H.

2026
Springer Nature [London]

Abstract: Aging is a complex multifactorial process that affects cellular function and tissue homeostasis over time. Despite substantial research, the molecular mechanisms driving cellular aging remain poorly understood. Many studies focused on changes in DNA methylation as an indicator of aging. In particular, methylation at polycomb CpG islands was shown to be predictive of phenotypic changes associated with aging. Since many age-related pathological processes are thought to originate from single cells, we asked whether polycomb CpG island methylation occurs preferentially in a subset of cells within a population. Using single-cell whole-genome methylation data across ages and tissues, we identify polycomb CpG methylation as a hallmark of cellular aging. This revealed that aging occurs at varying rates, with faster proliferating cells showing accelerated gain of methylation. Differential gene expression analysis identified changes in immune response, translation, tumorigenesis and neurodegeneration. These results challenge traditional models of homogeneous cellular aging and suggest that aging is a highly individualized process at the single-cell level, that may be driven by programmed changes in polycomb CpG island DNA methylation.

Keyword(s): CpG Islands: genetics (MeSH) ; DNA Methylation (MeSH) ; Polycomb-Group Proteins: genetics (MeSH) ; Polycomb-Group Proteins: metabolism (MeSH) ; Aging: genetics (MeSH) ; Animals (MeSH) ; Cellular Senescence: genetics (MeSH) ; Humans (MeSH) ; Mice (MeSH) ; Single-Cell Analysis (MeSH) ; Cell Proliferation: genetics (MeSH) ; Polycomb-Group Proteins

Note: Division of Computational Genomics and Systems Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.

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Contributing Institute(s):

1. Bioinformatik der Genomik und Systemgenetik (B260)

Research Program(s):

1. 312 - Funktionelle und strukturelle Genomforschung (POF4-312) (POF4-312)

Appears in the scientific report 2026

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